AP Psych Prep Flashcards
1
Q
When the depolarized current exceeds the threshold of a neuron, it will fire
A
All-or-none
2
Q
spindles, non-REM sleep sections of delta waves, hard to
A
Small bursts of activities
3
Q
Tendency to recall the last terms of the list.
A
Recency Effect
4
Q
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
A
Stimulants
5
Q
Unscripted, uncensored talking, which is supposed to provide clues
A
Free Association
6
Q
Hard-driving, aggressive, anger-prone people (get more heart problems).
A
Type A
7
Q
As one goes up, the other goes up.
A
Positive Correlation
8
Q
Wire-like structure ending in the terminal that extends from the cell body.
A
Axon
9
Q
Taking your anger out on someone else (man/wife/boss).
A
Displacement
10
Q
What part of the ear influences balance?
A
The semicircular canals
11
Q
According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf, what is suggested?
A
Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages.
12
Q
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel or act, as assessed by
A
Trait
13
Q
According to Robert Rescorla’s contingency model of classical conditioning, what is stated?
A
Conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another
14
Q
Beginning at age 2, child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
A
Two-word Stage
15
Q
Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
A
PNS
16
Q
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
A
Depressants
17
Q
If a student’s test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile, what does this mean?
A
This student has scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students
18
Q
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.
A
MMPI
19
Q
General Adaption Syndrome – Made by Hans Selye; responses to stress – alarm
A
GAS
20
Q
Ways of remembering info by using creative memory techniques.
A
Mnemonic Devices
21
Q
Emotionally arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger both a
A
Cannon-Bard Theory
22
Q
Neurotransmitters that can’t find an area across the synapse to attach will
A
Reuptake
23
Q
The inability to see the different uses of an object, i.e., a paper
A
Functional Fixedness
24
Q
In a memory study where group A is asked to count the letters in each word and group B is asked to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz, group B recalls significantly more words. What do memory researchers attribute this effect to?
A
Differences in levels of processing
25
Associated with emotions like aggression and fear, and drives such as
Limbic System
26
What is an example of a prelinguistic event?
Babbling
27
Top of the brain, discriminates between textures and shapes.
Peripheral Lobe
28
The learned ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli.
Discrimination
29
Linguistic determination – language determines the way we think.
Benjamin Whorf
30
One’s ability to reason speedily & abstractly, decreases with age.
Fluid Intelligence
31
In an experiment to determine the effects of two different study methods on the amount students learned in introductory physics, the results showed the average amount learned by one group was greater than the other group, but the difference was not statistically significant. What is the most appropriate conclusion?
There is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance.
32
Found the effects of radiation on rats (taste aversion).
John Garcia
33
Tendency to recall the first and last items of a list.
Serial Position Effect
34
According to the biomedical view of abnormality, what factors can deviant behavior be traced to?
Genetic anomalies or problems in the physical structure of the brain
35
A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which defense mechanism?
Projection
36
A woman’s want for the man’s power (not necessarily the actual body
Penis Envy
37
In a research study, what is informed consent a concern of?
Ethics
38
Mental age/Chronological age x 100.
IQ Formula
39
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing
Group Polarization
40
The brain and spinal cord.
CNS
41
Located under the forehead, involved with complex cognitive functions.
Frontal Lobe
42
Initial stage of classical conditioning, in which the association between
Acquisition
43
At the side of the brain above ears involved in memory, perception,
Temporal Lobe
44
Above the medulla, makes chemicals involved with sleep & facial expressions.
Pons
45
Giving false reasons why you did what you did (well, I was very tired).
Rationalization
46
If one sense is deprived, another will become stronger, i.e., blind
Sensory Deprivation
47
The amount of participants that can be selected for the sample.
Population
48
Neo-Freudian feminist.
Horney
49
Neurons that carry incoming information from the central
Motor Neurons (efferent)
50
Transmits and amplifies the vibration. Hammer → Anvil → Stirrup → Oval
Middle Ear
51
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptor and
Bottom-up Processing
52
The enduring behaviors, ideas, values, attitudes, and traditions shared by a
Culture
53
What is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?
Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
54
What advantage does group therapy have over individual therapy?
It enables clients to realize that their problems are not unique
55
The proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to
Heritability
56
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Self-serving Bias
57
The part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the
Autonomic NS
58
Which is the best example of shaping?
A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
59
Which behavior is most closely associated with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
Sutan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, Sutan asks him for $15 more.
60
When startled, baby flings limbs out and slowly retracts them.
Moro Reflex
61
The correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test yields information about the test's what?
Reliability
62
Take the results from a smaller group and apply that to a
Representative Sample
63
What is the sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron called?
The action potential
64
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (You
Psychoactive Drugs
65
Id operates on this – strive for pleasure, at all costs.
Pleasure Principle
66
A man’s want to be able to reproduce.
Womb Envy
67
The diminishing effects with regular use of the same dose of a drug.
Tolerance
68
Objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging
Proximity
69
The motivation to achieve one’s full potential.
Self-actualization
70
The little brain attached to the rear of the brain stem, controls
Cerebellum
71
Who you really are, in terms of personality.
Real Self
72
When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn its head and seek a nipple.
Rooting Reflex
73
Which finding best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?
Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
74
The endocrine system’s most influential gland, under the influence of
Pituitary Gland
75
What is a child demonstrating if they learn that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware?
Stimulus generalization
76
Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for what disease?
Cardiovascular disease
77
On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, what does an IQ of 100 indicate about the test taker?
They scored at the average level for test takers of the same age
78
Hallucinations are characteristic of what type of disorder?
Psychotic disorders
79
The storyline of the dream.
Manifest Content
80
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
Neurons
81
Consequences that follow a behavior will increase/decrease the
Operant Conditioning
82
Is an explanation that integrates principles, organizes, and predicts behavior or
Theory
83
What is the understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view called?
Object permanence
84
Changes to neural impulse. Cochlea (snail-shaped membrane filled with fluid
Inner Ear
85
Study that says humans are basically good and possess free will.
Humanistic
86
Founder of operant conditioning & Skinner box.
Skinner
87
Opium and its derivatives, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain
Opiates
88
Group that does not take part in the critical part of the experimentation
Control
89
An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. What is this individual showing?
Alcohol tolerance
90
Identify info already learned – multiple choice.
Recognition
91
In studying the behavior of five year olds in free-play situations, what would a cognitive psychologist be most interested in?
The children's problem-solving strategies
92
The reversible figure illustrates which Gestalt organizing principle?
Figure-ground
93
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment
Random Sample
94
Loudness, measured in decibels.
Intensity
95
After a while of constant stimulation, will stop detecting sense,
Sensory Adaptation
96
Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of what disorder?
Bipolar disorder
97
Is a testable prediction, often induced by a theory, to enable us to accept,
Hypothesis
98
The perception that one’s fate is controlled by an outside
External Locus of Control
99
What is the rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test?
They reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli
100
Part of the limbic system involved in learning and memory.
Hippocampus
101
If a supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does and the new employee consequently performs poorly, what will most likely have occurred?
A self-fulfilling prophecy
102
It is replicable and is consistent.
Reliability
103
Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Cognitive
104
Average of the scores – add them up and divide by the total number of scores.
Mean
105
Reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
Unconscious Level
106
What best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research?
They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects.
107
According to Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys, what is most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers?
The tactile characteristics of the mother
108
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Personality
109
The mere exposure to a stimulus will increase the liking of it.
Mere Exposure Effect
110
The subjects do not know to what group they belong.
Single-blind Procedure
111
Those perceived as different from oneself.
Out-group
112
The brain’s ability to modify itself after some kind of injury/illness.
Plasticity
113
“The highway to the unconscious”, sequence of images, emotions, and
Dreams
114
Connected to the base of the brain stem, controls our blood pressure, heart
Medulla
115
In which part of a neuron are neurotransmitters typically stored?
The terminal buttons
116
What would an industrial-organizational psychologist be least likely to study?
Corporate profitability
117
Fetal alcohol syndrome – physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused
FAS
118
Most widely used projective test, series of ten inkblots, participant
Rorschach Inkblot
119
A clear statement of what one is looking for in an experiment.
Operational Definition
120
Studied the effects of stimulation on the motor cortex.
William Penfield
121
Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors
Functionalism
122
When an object is placed into a baby’s mouth, the infant will suck on it.
Sucking Reflex
123
What is the best interpretation of Solomon Asch's findings concerning conformity in perceptual judgments?
Conformity increases as group size increases to about four persons.
124
What does developmental research on the formation of attachment indicate that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy predicts during the toddler years?
Social competence
125
Information processed guided by higher-level mental
Top-down Processing
126
Training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for which disorder?
Specific phobia
127
The expectation that we should return help, not harm to those who
Reciprocity Norms
128
The division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
Somatic NS
129
Who you want to be, your perfect version.
Ideal Self
130
Placing info into a storage spot for use later.
Storage
131
Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory
Collective Unconscious
132
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a
Groupthink
133
Going back to an earlier stage of development (temper tantrum).
Regression
134
Looking inward at one’s own mental processes.
Introspection
135
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a
MRI
136
The conversion of one form of energy into another, translates incoming
Transduction
137
Sound waves collected.
Outer Ear
138
Add good – reinforcing behavior by rewarding, give allowance.
Positive Reinforcement
139
The perception that one can control their own fate.
Internal Locus of Control
140
We have three types of cones in the retina: red, blue, green;
Young-Helmholtz Theory
141
Wanted to broaden the definition of intelligence, created 8 types of
Gardner
142
People with whom one shares a common identity.
In-group
143
How capable we think we are in controlling events, determined by
Self-efficacy
144
After a random amount of time; fishing.
VI
145
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory primarily used to provide information about?
Clinical disorders
146
Experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological
James-Lange Theory
147
Tendency to give explanations for someone's behavior, often by
Attribution Theory
148
Pushing a memory to the back of mind – cannot be retrieved.
Repression
149
Desire to perform behavior for a reward at the end.
Extrinsic Motivation
150
By Masters and Johnson – Excitement > Plateau > Orgasm >
Sexual Response Cycle
151
Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as
Similarity
152
What are the mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort called?
Heuristics
153
The most frequently occurring score in the distribution.
Mode
154
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
Temperament
155
Definition
Term
156
What were Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence directed at?
Predicting children's success in school
157
Aims to solve practical problems.
Applied Research
158
Designed to determine what an individual has learned.
Achievement Test
159
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
Threshold
160
The reappearing of the CR to the CS.
Spontaneous Recovery
161
After a set number of responses; buy one get one free.
FR
162
Refusing to accept reality, so say it didn’t really happen (I did get accepted).
Denial
163
Procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior through successful
Shaping
164
After a neuron has fired an action potential, it pauses for a short
Refractory Period
165
Unconscious is really powerful, but contains more than bad thoughts, etc.
Carl Jung
166
Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images
Hallucinogens
167
Get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of
Case Study
168
Which of the following is least likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness?
Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
169
The info about yourself and your environment you are currently
Conscious Level
170
Visual info/memory.
Iconic
171
Lower brain, located at the rear base of skull, responsible for reflexive or
Hindbrain
172
Study of the evolution of humans over time (from apes).
Evolutionary
173
Chemical contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to
Neurotransmitters
174
Inability to remember who told you the memory.
Source Amnesia
175
Stimuli that are satisfying and require no learning, e.g.,
Primary Reinforcers
176
A clear memory of an emotionally significant event: 9/11, JFK.
Flashbulb Memory
177
In the presence of others, people tend to do less, partly because they
Social Loafing
178
Made Binet’s test Americanized.
Terman
179
What memory phenomenon is best illustrated by a person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions being able to remember the first and last steps but not the middle ones?
The serial position effect
180
Body processes controlled by your mind that we are not aware of
Nonconscious Level
181
Process to tell if a baby has a sense of depth.
Visual Cliff
182
Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s
Individualism
183
According to humanistic psychologists, what characteristic does the drive toward self-actualization have?
It is innate
184
Study, define, and track one’s traits over their lifetime, they don’t care
Trait Theory
185
Activates motor neurons and skeletal muscles; too little = Alzheimer’s.
Acetylcholine
186
The resting period after an orgasm in which one cannot be
Refractory Period
187
After seeing a parent aggressive, child more likely aggressive – TV
BOBO Dolls
188
Take away good – reinforcing behavior by taking away
Negative Punishment
189
The sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs:
Opponent Process Theory
190
Receives info from skin surface and sense organs.
Sensory Cortex
191
Have ambivalent reactions to parents. They may show extreme
Anxious Attachment
192
For which sleep disorder is Rafael most likely being treated with medically prescribed amphetamines?
Narcolepsy
193
Natural painkillers created by the brain, promote pain relief, like morphine.
Endorphins
194
Objects with similar size, shape, and brightness are considered a set.
Constancy
195
Process by which participants are selected.
Sampling
196
In what area have gender differences most often been found?
Aggression
197
Eating a large amount of food and then purging (vomit) it up.
Bulimia
198
Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive)
Drive Reduction Theory
199
The pitch, a tone’s highness/lowness.
Frequency
200
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car)
Telegraphic Stage
201
A neural impulse that travels down the axon like a domino effect.
Action Potential
202
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
JND
203
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Basic Research
204
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, typically in a sense of
Deindividualization
205
May resist being held by parent and will explore the novel
Avoidant Attachment
206
In a research design where two randomly assigned groups are compared, with one receiving a treatment and the other not, in order to see if the treatment had an effect, what do psychologists call this kind of research?
An experiment
207
Add bad – reinforcing behavior by adding pain/penalty/etc.
Positive Punishment
208
What does rational-emotive behavior therapy assume that abnormal functioning results from?
Unreasonable beliefs or assumptions
209
Created his three types of intelligences (analytical, creative, and practical).
Sternberg
210
If staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patients who use threats, but praise patients who are courteous, what psychotherapeutic approach is being used?
Behavioral therapy
211
The average distance of scores around the mean.
Standard Deviation
212
The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously.
Parallel Processing
213
Which situation best exemplifies the concept of habituation?
A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing.
214
Middle score – when all scores are put numerically in order, the middle score.
Median
215
According to Freudian theory, what component of the personality is "blind, impulsive, and irrational"?
The id
216
Which description most accurately describes a dependent variable?
Some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment
217
Lower back part of the brain involved with processing visual
Occipital Lobe
218
Followers of Freud who broke off due to his emphasis on childhood
Neo-Freudian
219
Participant is given a picture, and they must make up a story about the picture.
TAT
220
Info that we are not completely aware of but we know exists due
Subconscious Level
221
Involved in language comprehension.
Wernicke’s Area
222
Facial recognition, puzzle solver, emotional, artistic.
Right Hemisphere
223
Where is visual acuity best in the eye?
The fovea
224
An amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the
EEG
225
As one goes up, the other goes down.
Negative Correlation
226
Tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way.
Generalization
227
Inability to remember memories prior to the accident.
Retrograde Amnesia
228
New info interferes with old info.
Retroactive Interference
229
Brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to what brain structure?
The hippocampus
230
Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates what cognitive bias?
Functional fixedness
231
Are personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to
Projective Tests
232
“stream of consciousness.”
and mental strategies
233
Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and
Interneuron
234
Controls voluntary movements, on the opposite side of the body.
Motor Cortex
235
Take away bad – reinforcing behavior by eliminating an
Negative Reinforcement
236
Ego’s productive method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously
Defense Mechanisms
237
A type of standard score that tells us how many standard deviation units a
z-score
238
Pushing bad thoughts to the back of the mind, forgetting (Oh, I forgot).
Repression
239
Controls the metabolic functions of body temperature, sexual arousal,
Hypothalamus
240
Smelling.
Olfaction
241
This occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it susceptible
Depolarization
242
Random number of responses; slot machine.
VR
243
Not eating food at all (starving).
Anorexia
244
According to Jean Piaget, what has a young child yet to acquire if, when shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn, the child says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl?
Conservation
245
Info about yourself and environment that you are currently not
Preconscious Level
246
The best time to learn a language is during childhood; kids are
Noam Chomsky
247
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense
Sensory Neurons (afferent)
248
If Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions, what does her belief best illustrate?
An internal locus of control
249
Which body system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones?
The endocrine system
250
What are individuals exhibiting when they believe an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events?
Learned helplessness
251
If you know you’re being studied, you will act differently than you
Hawthorne Effect
252
Excite, by causing neurotransmitters to hit site multiple times.
Agonist
253
Set strict standards & apply punishment for violations of rules (hard
Authoritarian
254
Inability to remember anything before the age of 3.
Infantile Amnesia
255
For a person's answers to score high on a test of creativity, what should the answers be?
Original and valuable
256
The belief that "It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured" is best explained by what theory?
Cognitive dissonance theory
257
Easygoing, relaxed people.
Type B
258
The avoiding of feelings of inadequacy and insignificance.
Inferiority Complex
259
Located above the Pons, integrates, and relays sensory info to the main part
Midbrain
260
Study of how cultural and political experiences affect our life.
Sociocultural
261
The more time we spend on learning info, the longer we remember it.
Ebbinghaus
262
An attitude of total acceptance towards another
Unconditional Positive Regard
263
Affects memory, learning, and contributes to changes in mood;
Norepinephrine
264
Desire to perform behavior for its own sake.
Intrinsic Motivation
265
Founder of classical conditioning while trying to study the digestive system.
Pavlov
266
Stimuli that have acquired their reinforcing power through
Secondary Reinforcers
267
What are the several basic sounds that all human languages have in common called?
Phonemes
268
Inability to make new memories, can remember old ones
Anterograde Amnesia
269
Learn through watching.
Bandura
270
Directs muscle movements involved with speech.
Broca’s Area
271
Improved performance in the presence of others; easy tasks get
Social Facilitation
272
What are the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts
273
Which result of correlational studies implies that environment contributes to the determination of IQ?
Correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive.
274
Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and
Just-World Phenomenon
275
Screens incoming info, and filters out irrelevant info, controls
Reticular Formation
276
What part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?
The sympathetic nervous system
277
The debate of whether you are shaped by your environment or
Nature vs. Nurture
278
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose
PET
279
Auditory info/memory.
Echoic
280
Tendency to comply with larger requests after
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
281
deep sleep, growth.
All delta waves
282
Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.
Sleep Apnea
283
The firing of the cones used after viewing something steadily.
Afterimage
284
Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining personal identity
Collectivism
285
WAIS – study personal strengths and weaknesses in 11 different subjects.
Wechsler
286
Overeating and gaining an excessive amount of weight.
Obesity
287
What is the technique called that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure?
Biofeedback
288
Test only has one correct answer (2+2=?).
Convergent Thinking
289
What does Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development focus primarily on?
Differences between males and females in the course of moral development
290
According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, what do they view emotion as resulting from?
Cognitive labels of physiological changes
291
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they
Representative Heuristics
292
Tendency to overestimate the impact of a person's
Fundamental Attribution Theory
293
Which frequency distribution shown has more variation than the others?
Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C.
294
Recurring difficulties either falling asleep or staying asleep.
Insomnia
295
Study that says all behavior is observable and measurable.
Behavioral
296
Tendency to recall the first terms of the list.
Primary Effect
297
Contributes to voluntary movements and pleasurable emotions; lack of it
Dopamine
298
Which technique provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
299
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
Homeostasis
300
The brain's sensory switchboard.
Thalamus
301
Which of the following is not a reason for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests?
To decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test
302
Uncontrollable sleep attacks, person randomly collapses into REM sleep.
Narcolepsy
303
All humans are basically good and have free will.
Humanism
304
Long term memory – an almost endless amount of storage ability.
LTM
305
Have set standards, but able to explain them with kids when broken,
Authoritative
306
Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
Hindsight Bias
307
Memory of facts – George Washington is the first president.
Explicit
308
What is the biological clock that operates in humans to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity referred to as?
A circadian rhythm
309
The stage of speech development in which an infant utters various
Babbling Stage
310
For extinction to occur, what must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.
311
Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development are egocentrism, animism, and artificialism characteristic of?
The preoperational stage
312
People are genuine, accepting, and empathic.
Rogers
313
Reinforce behavior every time it happens.
Continuous
314
What characteristic makes a study regarded as scientific?
Its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies
315
What is it an example of when a group, after discussing a topic, makes a decision that is more extreme than the average position of all of the group members prior to discussion?
Group polarization
316
The brain and mind are constantly changing.
William James
317
The process by which we respond to certain events that we appraise as
Stress
318
Objects that make up a recognizable image are more likely to be perceived as
Closure
319
Arouses the body.
Sympathetic NS
320
Ego operates on this – you can’t always get what you want,
Reality Principle
321
People change their behavior to avoid looking bad, i.e., if a
Cognitive Dissonance
322
Memory of the procedure – how to ride a bike.
Implicit
323
Showing the opposite feeling you have (I hate you).
Reaction Formation
324
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info.
Sensory Memory
325
As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of what?
Size constancy
326
Involved in mood, regulation of sleep, appetite, and body temperature; too
Serotonin
327
Study of our changing abilities from womb to tomb.
Developmental
328
Getting the info out of storage.
Retrieval
329
The experimenter, either unconsciously or consciously, affects the
Experimenter Bias
330
A fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds the
Myelin Sheath
331
What area of the brain stem is important in controlling breathing?
The medulla
332
Logical, sequential tasks, solving math problems, verbal.
Left Hemisphere
333
Confidently explore the novel environment while parents are
Secure Attachment
334
What is the tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors called?
The fundamental attribution error
335
A high-arousal dream that terrifies a child due to the fact that it occurs in
Night Terror
336
Which partial reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Variable ratio
337
Test has multiple possible answers (words that begin with s).
Divergent Thinking
338
What characteristic must a sample have in order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn?
It must be representative of the population
339
What largely determines the perceived pitch of a tone?
Its frequency
340
The tendency to overestimate others’ noticing and evaluating our
Spotlight Effect
341
Calms the body.
Parasympathetic NS
342
Putting many numbers into parts, change 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 to 123, 465, 789
Chunking
343
What is the tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media referred to as?
The mere-exposure effect
344
Part of the limbic system that is involved in emotions, aggression, and fear.
Amygdala
345
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behavior
Survey
346
The discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an
Withdrawal
347
Created the Harlow monkey experiment, raised baby monkeys with a
Harry Harlow
348
Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives for basic sexual
Id
349
Explore the links between brain and mind.
Biological
350
Corpus callosum cut, not allowing info to travel to other side of the brain.
Split Brain
351
If Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the required tasks, what would Albert Bandura refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as?
Self-efficacy
352
Studied how different attachment styles affected kids.
Mary Ainsworth
353
Old info interferes with new info.
Proactive Interference
354
Gain the ability to think about the way you think; self-evaluation.
Metacognition
355
One’s accumulated knowledge & verbal skills, increases with
Crystallized Intelligence
356
Founder of psychoanalysis.
Sigmund Freud
357
Proposed that general intelligence is linked to many clusters that can be
Spearman
358
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Altruism
359
Do not set clear guidelines for kids & randomly enforce rules (soft bed).
Permissive
360
The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides
Superego
361
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.
Norm
362
Short term memory – temporary memory storage.
STM
363
First lobotomy after a rod goes through his head; gives psych info on
Phineas Gage
364
Unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members.
Prejudice
365
What disorder is Vic likely exhibiting if he has unpredictable and repeated attacks of overwhelming anxiety that frequently leave him dizzy, nauseous, short of breath, and in tears?
A panic disorder
366
Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other
Bystander Effect
367
When unable to avoid repeated adverse events, the
Learned Helplessness
368
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another
Hypnosis
369
Objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as
Continuity
370
Inhibits, by blocking neurotransmitters.
Antagonists
371
Designed to predict one’s capacity to learn in the future.
Aptitude Test
372
A depressant ALWAYS, no matter the amount taken (will be on AP test!).
ALCOHOL
373
When is it permissible for a psychologist to share a client's test scores with another person?
When the client provides written permission to share results
374
Situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their
Social Traps
375
Focus of attention on selected aspects of the
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
376
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in which category is the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others classified?
Esteem needs
377
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in
Availability Heuristics
378
At what level do community psychologists intervene when they design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur?
The primary level
379
Father of psychology.
Wilhelm Wundt
380
The stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly
One-word Stage
381
Who is best known as the founder of behaviorism?
John B. Watson
382
Putting bad urges into acceptable social ways (boxing/football).
Sublimation
383
Analyze sensations, images, and feelings into their most basic
Structuralism
384
A mental predisposition to see one thing rather than another.
Perceptual Set
385
Neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group
Double-blind Procedure
386
If an object is placed into a baby’s palm, the baby will try to grasp it.
Grasping Reflex
387
Sugar pill – something administered that has no real effect on the person
Placebo
388
The lowest score subtracted from the higher score.
Range
389
Study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues.
Psychoanalytic
390
Sleepwalking.
Somnambulism
391
The underlying meaning of the dream.
Latent Content
392
The fading of the CR to the CS.
Extinction
393
If abnormality is defined as deviation from cultural norms, under what circumstance can Vance's behavior of writing his best papers sitting on his motorcycle in the basement of his college dormitory be considered abnormal?
His behavior can be considered abnormal only if abnormality is defined as deviation from cultural norms.
394
Published the first useful test of general mental ability; broke kids up into ‘bright’
Binet
395
An individual diagnosed as having a somatoform disorder would be most likely to show what?
A biologically unfounded loss of bodily functioning
396
What did David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli show?
Many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information
397
After a set rate of time; paycheck every 2 weeks.
FI
398
The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as what?
A scatterplot
399
The largely conscious, executive part of personality that mediates between the
Ego
400
Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which cells?
Bipolar and ganglion cells
401
If a problem occurs in one stage, similar problems may come up later in life,
Fixation
402
Observing and recording behavior in the wild/natural
Naturalistic Observation
403
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a
Factor Analysis
404
What is a stereotype defined as?
A generalization about a social group
405
Retrieval of info already learned – fill in the blank test.
Recall
406
Physiological needs (food, water) > safety needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
407
Pushing your own feelings onto someone else (you look tired).
Projection
408
Which statement best depicts the concept of incentive theory?
Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.
409
Comparing the information from each eyeball, the greater difference
Retinal Disparity
410
An organized whole, put all individual pieces together to get the big picture.
Gestalt
411
When an infant turns its head toward the source of stimulation when touched on the cheek, what is this behavior known as?
Rooting
412
All behavior is meaningful and driven by unconscious forces.
Psychoanalytic Theory
413
What concept provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?
Homeostasis
414
What factors are chiefly responsible for interpersonal attraction?
Proximity and similarity
415
Sense of body position and movement, balance.
Vestibular Sense
416
A scary dream that wakes up the child.
Nightmare
417
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Consciousness
418
Largest part of the brain that controls what we think of as thoughts and
Forebrain
419
What type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using if he focuses on changing the ways a depressed patient interprets events?
Cognitive therapy
420
Changing the info into storable content.
Encoding
421
Which type of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance?
Predictive validity
422
Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which brain area?
Broca's area
423
When a baby’s foot is stroked, he/she will spread their toes.
Babinski Reflex
424
All our thoughts are feelings about ourselves in answer to the question,
Self-concept
425
Responsible for higher thinking function, connects two sides of the
Corpus Callosum
426
Emotion must be physically aroused and
Schachter & Singer / 2 Factor Theory
427
What is memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, known as?
Procedural memory
428
It measures what you want it to be measured.
Validity
