AP Psych Prep Flashcards
When the depolarized current exceeds the threshold of a neuron, it will fire
All-or-none
spindles, non-REM sleep sections of delta waves, hard to
Small bursts of activities
Tendency to recall the last terms of the list.
Recency Effect
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Stimulants
Unscripted, uncensored talking, which is supposed to provide clues
Free Association
Hard-driving, aggressive, anger-prone people (get more heart problems).
Type A
As one goes up, the other goes up.
Positive Correlation
Wire-like structure ending in the terminal that extends from the cell body.
Axon
Taking your anger out on someone else (man/wife/boss).
Displacement
What part of the ear influences balance?
The semicircular canals
According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf, what is suggested?
Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages.
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel or act, as assessed by
Trait
According to Robert Rescorla’s contingency model of classical conditioning, what is stated?
Conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another
Beginning at age 2, child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
Two-word Stage
Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
PNS
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Depressants
If a student’s test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile, what does this mean?
This student has scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.
MMPI
General Adaption Syndrome – Made by Hans Selye; responses to stress – alarm
GAS
Ways of remembering info by using creative memory techniques.
Mnemonic Devices
Emotionally arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger both a
Cannon-Bard Theory
Neurotransmitters that can’t find an area across the synapse to attach will
Reuptake
The inability to see the different uses of an object, i.e., a paper
Functional Fixedness
In a memory study where group A is asked to count the letters in each word and group B is asked to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz, group B recalls significantly more words. What do memory researchers attribute this effect to?
Differences in levels of processing
Associated with emotions like aggression and fear, and drives such as
Limbic System
What is an example of a prelinguistic event?
Babbling
Top of the brain, discriminates between textures and shapes.
Peripheral Lobe
The learned ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli.
Discrimination
Linguistic determination – language determines the way we think.
Benjamin Whorf
One’s ability to reason speedily & abstractly, decreases with age.
Fluid Intelligence
In an experiment to determine the effects of two different study methods on the amount students learned in introductory physics, the results showed the average amount learned by one group was greater than the other group, but the difference was not statistically significant. What is the most appropriate conclusion?
There is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance.
Found the effects of radiation on rats (taste aversion).
John Garcia
Tendency to recall the first and last items of a list.
Serial Position Effect
According to the biomedical view of abnormality, what factors can deviant behavior be traced to?
Genetic anomalies or problems in the physical structure of the brain
A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which defense mechanism?
Projection
A woman’s want for the man’s power (not necessarily the actual body
Penis Envy
In a research study, what is informed consent a concern of?
Ethics
Mental age/Chronological age x 100.
IQ Formula
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing
Group Polarization
The brain and spinal cord.
CNS
Located under the forehead, involved with complex cognitive functions.
Frontal Lobe
Initial stage of classical conditioning, in which the association between
Acquisition
At the side of the brain above ears involved in memory, perception,
Temporal Lobe
Above the medulla, makes chemicals involved with sleep & facial expressions.
Pons
Giving false reasons why you did what you did (well, I was very tired).
Rationalization
If one sense is deprived, another will become stronger, i.e., blind
Sensory Deprivation
The amount of participants that can be selected for the sample.
Population
Neo-Freudian feminist.
Horney
Neurons that carry incoming information from the central
Motor Neurons (efferent)
Transmits and amplifies the vibration. Hammer → Anvil → Stirrup → Oval
Middle Ear
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptor and
Bottom-up Processing
The enduring behaviors, ideas, values, attitudes, and traditions shared by a
Culture
What is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?
Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
What advantage does group therapy have over individual therapy?
It enables clients to realize that their problems are not unique
The proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to
Heritability
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Self-serving Bias
The part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the
Autonomic NS
Which is the best example of shaping?
A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
Which behavior is most closely associated with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
Sutan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, Sutan asks him for $15 more.
When startled, baby flings limbs out and slowly retracts them.
Moro Reflex
The correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test yields information about the test’s what?
Reliability
Take the results from a smaller group and apply that to a
Representative Sample
What is the sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron called?
The action potential
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (You
Psychoactive Drugs
Id operates on this – strive for pleasure, at all costs.
Pleasure Principle
A man’s want to be able to reproduce.
Womb Envy
The diminishing effects with regular use of the same dose of a drug.
Tolerance
Objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging
Proximity
The motivation to achieve one’s full potential.
Self-actualization
The little brain attached to the rear of the brain stem, controls
Cerebellum
Who you really are, in terms of personality.
Real Self
When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn its head and seek a nipple.
Rooting Reflex
Which finding best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?
Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
The endocrine system’s most influential gland, under the influence of
Pituitary Gland
What is a child demonstrating if they learn that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware?
Stimulus generalization
Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for what disease?
Cardiovascular disease
On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, what does an IQ of 100 indicate about the test taker?
They scored at the average level for test takers of the same age
Hallucinations are characteristic of what type of disorder?
Psychotic disorders
The storyline of the dream.
Manifest Content
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
Neurons
Consequences that follow a behavior will increase/decrease the
Operant Conditioning
Is an explanation that integrates principles, organizes, and predicts behavior or
Theory
What is the understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view called?
Object permanence
Changes to neural impulse. Cochlea (snail-shaped membrane filled with fluid
Inner Ear
Study that says humans are basically good and possess free will.
Humanistic
Founder of operant conditioning & Skinner box.
Skinner
Opium and its derivatives, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain
Opiates
Group that does not take part in the critical part of the experimentation
Control
An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. What is this individual showing?
Alcohol tolerance
Identify info already learned – multiple choice.
Recognition
In studying the behavior of five year olds in free-play situations, what would a cognitive psychologist be most interested in?
The children’s problem-solving strategies
The reversible figure illustrates which Gestalt organizing principle?
Figure-ground
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment
Random Sample
Loudness, measured in decibels.
Intensity
After a while of constant stimulation, will stop detecting sense,
Sensory Adaptation
Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of what disorder?
Bipolar disorder
Is a testable prediction, often induced by a theory, to enable us to accept,
Hypothesis
The perception that one’s fate is controlled by an outside
External Locus of Control
What is the rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test?
They reveal the subjects’ personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli
Part of the limbic system involved in learning and memory.
Hippocampus
If a supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does and the new employee consequently performs poorly, what will most likely have occurred?
A self-fulfilling prophecy
It is replicable and is consistent.
Reliability
Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Cognitive
Average of the scores – add them up and divide by the total number of scores.
Mean
Reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
Unconscious Level
What best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research?
They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects.
According to Harry Harlow’s experiments with rhesus monkeys, what is most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers?
The tactile characteristics of the mother
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Personality
The mere exposure to a stimulus will increase the liking of it.
Mere Exposure Effect
The subjects do not know to what group they belong.
Single-blind Procedure
Those perceived as different from oneself.
Out-group
The brain’s ability to modify itself after some kind of injury/illness.
Plasticity
“The highway to the unconscious”, sequence of images, emotions, and
Dreams
Connected to the base of the brain stem, controls our blood pressure, heart
Medulla
In which part of a neuron are neurotransmitters typically stored?
The terminal buttons
What would an industrial-organizational psychologist be least likely to study?
Corporate profitability
Fetal alcohol syndrome – physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused
FAS
Most widely used projective test, series of ten inkblots, participant
Rorschach Inkblot
A clear statement of what one is looking for in an experiment.
Operational Definition
Studied the effects of stimulation on the motor cortex.
William Penfield
Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors
Functionalism
When an object is placed into a baby’s mouth, the infant will suck on it.
Sucking Reflex
What is the best interpretation of Solomon Asch’s findings concerning conformity in perceptual judgments?
Conformity increases as group size increases to about four persons.
What does developmental research on the formation of attachment indicate that a child’s secure attachment to its mother during infancy predicts during the toddler years?
Social competence
Information processed guided by higher-level mental
Top-down Processing
Training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for which disorder?
Specific phobia
The expectation that we should return help, not harm to those who
Reciprocity Norms
The division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
Somatic NS
Who you want to be, your perfect version.
Ideal Self
Placing info into a storage spot for use later.
Storage
Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory
Collective Unconscious
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a
Groupthink
Going back to an earlier stage of development (temper tantrum).
Regression
Looking inward at one’s own mental processes.
Introspection
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a
MRI
The conversion of one form of energy into another, translates incoming
Transduction
Sound waves collected.
Outer Ear
Add good – reinforcing behavior by rewarding, give allowance.
Positive Reinforcement
The perception that one can control their own fate.
Internal Locus of Control
We have three types of cones in the retina: red, blue, green;
Young-Helmholtz Theory
Wanted to broaden the definition of intelligence, created 8 types of
Gardner
People with whom one shares a common identity.
In-group
How capable we think we are in controlling events, determined by
Self-efficacy
After a random amount of time; fishing.
VI
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory primarily used to provide information about?
Clinical disorders
Experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological
James-Lange Theory
Tendency to give explanations for someone’s behavior, often by
Attribution Theory
Pushing a memory to the back of mind – cannot be retrieved.
Repression
Desire to perform behavior for a reward at the end.
Extrinsic Motivation
By Masters and Johnson – Excitement > Plateau > Orgasm >
Sexual Response Cycle
Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as
Similarity
What are the mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort called?
Heuristics
The most frequently occurring score in the distribution.
Mode
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
Temperament
Definition
Term
What were Alfred Binet’s efforts to measure intelligence directed at?
Predicting children’s success in school
Aims to solve practical problems.
Applied Research
Designed to determine what an individual has learned.
Achievement Test
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
Threshold
The reappearing of the CR to the CS.
Spontaneous Recovery
After a set number of responses; buy one get one free.
FR
Refusing to accept reality, so say it didn’t really happen (I did get accepted).
Denial
Procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior through successful
Shaping
After a neuron has fired an action potential, it pauses for a short
Refractory Period
Unconscious is really powerful, but contains more than bad thoughts, etc.
Carl Jung
Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images
Hallucinogens
Get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of
Case Study
Which of the following is least likely to affect the immune system’s ability to ward off illness?
Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
The info about yourself and your environment you are currently
Conscious Level
Visual info/memory.
Iconic
Lower brain, located at the rear base of skull, responsible for reflexive or
Hindbrain
Study of the evolution of humans over time (from apes).
Evolutionary
Chemical contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to
Neurotransmitters
Inability to remember who told you the memory.
Source Amnesia
Stimuli that are satisfying and require no learning, e.g.,
Primary Reinforcers
A clear memory of an emotionally significant event: 9/11, JFK.
Flashbulb Memory
In the presence of others, people tend to do less, partly because they
Social Loafing
Made Binet’s test Americanized.
Terman
What memory phenomenon is best illustrated by a person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions being able to remember the first and last steps but not the middle ones?
The serial position effect
Body processes controlled by your mind that we are not aware of
Nonconscious Level
Process to tell if a baby has a sense of depth.
Visual Cliff
Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s
Individualism
According to humanistic psychologists, what characteristic does the drive toward self-actualization have?
It is innate
Study, define, and track one’s traits over their lifetime, they don’t care
Trait Theory
Activates motor neurons and skeletal muscles; too little = Alzheimer’s.
Acetylcholine
The resting period after an orgasm in which one cannot be
Refractory Period
After seeing a parent aggressive, child more likely aggressive – TV
BOBO Dolls
Take away good – reinforcing behavior by taking away
Negative Punishment
The sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs:
Opponent Process Theory
Receives info from skin surface and sense organs.
Sensory Cortex
Have ambivalent reactions to parents. They may show extreme
Anxious Attachment
For which sleep disorder is Rafael most likely being treated with medically prescribed amphetamines?
Narcolepsy
Natural painkillers created by the brain, promote pain relief, like morphine.
Endorphins
Objects with similar size, shape, and brightness are considered a set.
Constancy
Process by which participants are selected.
Sampling
In what area have gender differences most often been found?
Aggression
Eating a large amount of food and then purging (vomit) it up.
Bulimia
Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive)
Drive Reduction Theory
The pitch, a tone’s highness/lowness.
Frequency
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car)
Telegraphic Stage
A neural impulse that travels down the axon like a domino effect.
Action Potential
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
JND
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Basic Research
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, typically in a sense of
Deindividualization
May resist being held by parent and will explore the novel
Avoidant Attachment
In a research design where two randomly assigned groups are compared, with one receiving a treatment and the other not, in order to see if the treatment had an effect, what do psychologists call this kind of research?
An experiment
Add bad – reinforcing behavior by adding pain/penalty/etc.
Positive Punishment
What does rational-emotive behavior therapy assume that abnormal functioning results from?
Unreasonable beliefs or assumptions
Created his three types of intelligences (analytical, creative, and practical).
Sternberg
If staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patients who use threats, but praise patients who are courteous, what psychotherapeutic approach is being used?
Behavioral therapy
The average distance of scores around the mean.
Standard Deviation
The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously.
Parallel Processing
Which situation best exemplifies the concept of habituation?
A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate’s late-night typing.
Middle score – when all scores are put numerically in order, the middle score.
Median
According to Freudian theory, what component of the personality is “blind, impulsive, and irrational”?
The id
Which description most accurately describes a dependent variable?
Some aspect of a participant’s response that is measured in an experiment
Lower back part of the brain involved with processing visual
Occipital Lobe
Followers of Freud who broke off due to his emphasis on childhood
Neo-Freudian
Participant is given a picture, and they must make up a story about the picture.
TAT
Info that we are not completely aware of but we know exists due
Subconscious Level
Involved in language comprehension.
Wernicke’s Area
Facial recognition, puzzle solver, emotional, artistic.
Right Hemisphere
Where is visual acuity best in the eye?
The fovea
An amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the
EEG
As one goes up, the other goes down.
Negative Correlation
Tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way.
Generalization
Inability to remember memories prior to the accident.
Retrograde Amnesia
New info interferes with old info.
Retroactive Interference
Brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to what brain structure?
The hippocampus
Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates what cognitive bias?
Functional fixedness
Are personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to
Projective Tests
“stream of consciousness.”
and mental strategies
Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and
Interneuron
Controls voluntary movements, on the opposite side of the body.
Motor Cortex
Take away bad – reinforcing behavior by eliminating an
Negative Reinforcement
Ego’s productive method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously
Defense Mechanisms
A type of standard score that tells us how many standard deviation units a
z-score
Pushing bad thoughts to the back of the mind, forgetting (Oh, I forgot).
Repression
Controls the metabolic functions of body temperature, sexual arousal,
Hypothalamus
Smelling.
Olfaction
This occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it susceptible
Depolarization
Random number of responses; slot machine.
VR
Not eating food at all (starving).
Anorexia
According to Jean Piaget, what has a young child yet to acquire if, when shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn, the child says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl?
Conservation
Info about yourself and environment that you are currently not
Preconscious Level
The best time to learn a language is during childhood; kids are
Noam Chomsky
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense
Sensory Neurons (afferent)
If Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions, what does her belief best illustrate?
An internal locus of control
Which body system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones?
The endocrine system
What are individuals exhibiting when they believe an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events?
Learned helplessness
If you know you’re being studied, you will act differently than you
Hawthorne Effect
Excite, by causing neurotransmitters to hit site multiple times.
Agonist
Set strict standards & apply punishment for violations of rules (hard
Authoritarian
Inability to remember anything before the age of 3.
Infantile Amnesia
For a person’s answers to score high on a test of creativity, what should the answers be?
Original and valuable
The belief that “It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured” is best explained by what theory?
Cognitive dissonance theory
Easygoing, relaxed people.
Type B
The avoiding of feelings of inadequacy and insignificance.
Inferiority Complex
Located above the Pons, integrates, and relays sensory info to the main part
Midbrain
Study of how cultural and political experiences affect our life.
Sociocultural
The more time we spend on learning info, the longer we remember it.
Ebbinghaus
An attitude of total acceptance towards another
Unconditional Positive Regard
Affects memory, learning, and contributes to changes in mood;
Norepinephrine
Desire to perform behavior for its own sake.
Intrinsic Motivation
Founder of classical conditioning while trying to study the digestive system.
Pavlov
Stimuli that have acquired their reinforcing power through
Secondary Reinforcers
What are the several basic sounds that all human languages have in common called?
Phonemes
Inability to make new memories, can remember old ones
Anterograde Amnesia
Learn through watching.
Bandura
Directs muscle movements involved with speech.
Broca’s Area
Improved performance in the presence of others; easy tasks get
Social Facilitation
What are the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts
Which result of correlational studies implies that environment contributes to the determination of IQ?
Correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive.
Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and
Just-World Phenomenon
Screens incoming info, and filters out irrelevant info, controls
Reticular Formation
What part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?
The sympathetic nervous system
The debate of whether you are shaped by your environment or
Nature vs. Nurture
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose
PET
Auditory info/memory.
Echoic
Tendency to comply with larger requests after
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
deep sleep, growth.
All delta waves
Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.
Sleep Apnea
The firing of the cones used after viewing something steadily.
Afterimage
Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining personal identity
Collectivism
WAIS – study personal strengths and weaknesses in 11 different subjects.
Wechsler
Overeating and gaining an excessive amount of weight.
Obesity
What is the technique called that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure?
Biofeedback
Test only has one correct answer (2+2=?).
Convergent Thinking
What does Carol Gilligan’s critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development focus primarily on?
Differences between males and females in the course of moral development
According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, what do they view emotion as resulting from?
Cognitive labels of physiological changes
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they
Representative Heuristics
Tendency to overestimate the impact of a person’s
Fundamental Attribution Theory
Which frequency distribution shown has more variation than the others?
Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C.
Recurring difficulties either falling asleep or staying asleep.
Insomnia
Study that says all behavior is observable and measurable.
Behavioral
Tendency to recall the first terms of the list.
Primary Effect
Contributes to voluntary movements and pleasurable emotions; lack of it
Dopamine
Which technique provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
Homeostasis
The brain’s sensory switchboard.
Thalamus
Which of the following is not a reason for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests?
To decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test
Uncontrollable sleep attacks, person randomly collapses into REM sleep.
Narcolepsy
All humans are basically good and have free will.
Humanism
Long term memory – an almost endless amount of storage ability.
LTM
Have set standards, but able to explain them with kids when broken,
Authoritative
Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
Hindsight Bias
Memory of facts – George Washington is the first president.
Explicit
What is the biological clock that operates in humans to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity referred to as?
A circadian rhythm
The stage of speech development in which an infant utters various
Babbling Stage
For extinction to occur, what must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.
Which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development are egocentrism, animism, and artificialism characteristic of?
The preoperational stage
People are genuine, accepting, and empathic.
Rogers
Reinforce behavior every time it happens.
Continuous
What characteristic makes a study regarded as scientific?
Its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies
What is it an example of when a group, after discussing a topic, makes a decision that is more extreme than the average position of all of the group members prior to discussion?
Group polarization
The brain and mind are constantly changing.
William James
The process by which we respond to certain events that we appraise as
Stress
Objects that make up a recognizable image are more likely to be perceived as
Closure
Arouses the body.
Sympathetic NS
Ego operates on this – you can’t always get what you want,
Reality Principle
People change their behavior to avoid looking bad, i.e., if a
Cognitive Dissonance
Memory of the procedure – how to ride a bike.
Implicit
Showing the opposite feeling you have (I hate you).
Reaction Formation
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info.
Sensory Memory
As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of what?
Size constancy
Involved in mood, regulation of sleep, appetite, and body temperature; too
Serotonin
Study of our changing abilities from womb to tomb.
Developmental
Getting the info out of storage.
Retrieval
The experimenter, either unconsciously or consciously, affects the
Experimenter Bias
A fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds the
Myelin Sheath
What area of the brain stem is important in controlling breathing?
The medulla
Logical, sequential tasks, solving math problems, verbal.
Left Hemisphere
Confidently explore the novel environment while parents are
Secure Attachment
What is the tendency to believe that another person’s behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors called?
The fundamental attribution error
A high-arousal dream that terrifies a child due to the fact that it occurs in
Night Terror
Which partial reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Variable ratio
Test has multiple possible answers (words that begin with s).
Divergent Thinking
What characteristic must a sample have in order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn?
It must be representative of the population
What largely determines the perceived pitch of a tone?
Its frequency
The tendency to overestimate others’ noticing and evaluating our
Spotlight Effect
Calms the body.
Parasympathetic NS
Putting many numbers into parts, change 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 to 123, 465, 789
Chunking
What is the tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media referred to as?
The mere-exposure effect
Part of the limbic system that is involved in emotions, aggression, and fear.
Amygdala
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behavior
Survey
The discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an
Withdrawal
Created the Harlow monkey experiment, raised baby monkeys with a
Harry Harlow
Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives for basic sexual
Id
Explore the links between brain and mind.
Biological
Corpus callosum cut, not allowing info to travel to other side of the brain.
Split Brain
If Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the required tasks, what would Albert Bandura refer to Alicia’s sense of confidence as?
Self-efficacy
Studied how different attachment styles affected kids.
Mary Ainsworth
Old info interferes with new info.
Proactive Interference
Gain the ability to think about the way you think; self-evaluation.
Metacognition
One’s accumulated knowledge & verbal skills, increases with
Crystallized Intelligence
Founder of psychoanalysis.
Sigmund Freud
Proposed that general intelligence is linked to many clusters that can be
Spearman
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Altruism
Do not set clear guidelines for kids & randomly enforce rules (soft bed).
Permissive
The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides
Superego
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.
Norm
Short term memory – temporary memory storage.
STM
First lobotomy after a rod goes through his head; gives psych info on
Phineas Gage
Unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members.
Prejudice
What disorder is Vic likely exhibiting if he has unpredictable and repeated attacks of overwhelming anxiety that frequently leave him dizzy, nauseous, short of breath, and in tears?
A panic disorder
Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other
Bystander Effect
When unable to avoid repeated adverse events, the
Learned Helplessness
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another
Hypnosis
Objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as
Continuity
Inhibits, by blocking neurotransmitters.
Antagonists
Designed to predict one’s capacity to learn in the future.
Aptitude Test
A depressant ALWAYS, no matter the amount taken (will be on AP test!).
ALCOHOL
When is it permissible for a psychologist to share a client’s test scores with another person?
When the client provides written permission to share results
Situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their
Social Traps
Focus of attention on selected aspects of the
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, in which category is the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others classified?
Esteem needs
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in
Availability Heuristics
At what level do community psychologists intervene when they design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur?
The primary level
Father of psychology.
Wilhelm Wundt
The stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly
One-word Stage
Who is best known as the founder of behaviorism?
John B. Watson
Putting bad urges into acceptable social ways (boxing/football).
Sublimation
Analyze sensations, images, and feelings into their most basic
Structuralism
A mental predisposition to see one thing rather than another.
Perceptual Set
Neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group
Double-blind Procedure
If an object is placed into a baby’s palm, the baby will try to grasp it.
Grasping Reflex
Sugar pill – something administered that has no real effect on the person
Placebo
The lowest score subtracted from the higher score.
Range
Study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues.
Psychoanalytic
Sleepwalking.
Somnambulism
The underlying meaning of the dream.
Latent Content
The fading of the CR to the CS.
Extinction
If abnormality is defined as deviation from cultural norms, under what circumstance can Vance’s behavior of writing his best papers sitting on his motorcycle in the basement of his college dormitory be considered abnormal?
His behavior can be considered abnormal only if abnormality is defined as deviation from cultural norms.
Published the first useful test of general mental ability; broke kids up into ‘bright’
Binet
An individual diagnosed as having a somatoform disorder would be most likely to show what?
A biologically unfounded loss of bodily functioning
What did David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel’s research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli show?
Many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information
After a set rate of time; paycheck every 2 weeks.
FI
The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as what?
A scatterplot
The largely conscious, executive part of personality that mediates between the
Ego
Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which cells?
Bipolar and ganglion cells
If a problem occurs in one stage, similar problems may come up later in life,
Fixation
Observing and recording behavior in the wild/natural
Naturalistic Observation
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a
Factor Analysis
What is a stereotype defined as?
A generalization about a social group
Retrieval of info already learned – fill in the blank test.
Recall
Physiological needs (food, water) > safety needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Pushing your own feelings onto someone else (you look tired).
Projection
Which statement best depicts the concept of incentive theory?
Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.
Comparing the information from each eyeball, the greater difference
Retinal Disparity
An organized whole, put all individual pieces together to get the big picture.
Gestalt
When an infant turns its head toward the source of stimulation when touched on the cheek, what is this behavior known as?
Rooting
All behavior is meaningful and driven by unconscious forces.
Psychoanalytic Theory
What concept provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?
Homeostasis
What factors are chiefly responsible for interpersonal attraction?
Proximity and similarity
Sense of body position and movement, balance.
Vestibular Sense
A scary dream that wakes up the child.
Nightmare
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Consciousness
Largest part of the brain that controls what we think of as thoughts and
Forebrain
What type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using if he focuses on changing the ways a depressed patient interprets events?
Cognitive therapy
Changing the info into storable content.
Encoding
Which type of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance?
Predictive validity
Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which brain area?
Broca’s area
When a baby’s foot is stroked, he/she will spread their toes.
Babinski Reflex
All our thoughts are feelings about ourselves in answer to the question,
Self-concept
Responsible for higher thinking function, connects two sides of the
Corpus Callosum
Emotion must be physically aroused and
Schachter & Singer / 2 Factor Theory
What is memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, known as?
Procedural memory
It measures what you want it to be measured.
Validity
