ap psych exam review Flashcards
1
Q
positive correlation
A
variables have a direct relationship (one goes up, the other goes up too)
2
Q
negative correlation
A
variables have an inverse relationship (one goes up, the other goes down)
3
Q
single-blind
A
participants aren’t aware of the condition/group they’re assigned to
4
Q
double-blind
A
participants + experimenters aren’t aware of what condition people are assigned to. (most frequent in drug studies)
5
Q
random sample
A
randomly choose people for the experiment. (increases generalizability)
6
Q
random assignment
A
randomly assign people into control or experimental group
7
Q
mean
A
average; sum values up then divide by amount
8
Q
mode
A
occurs most often
9
Q
median
A
middle of data set
10
Q
negatively skewed
A
backwards P, mean on the left hand side
11
Q
positively skewed
A
P, mean on the right hand side
12
Q
standard deviation
A
avg. amt. the scores are spread from the mean
13
Q
all ethical guidelines
A
confidentiality, informed consent, informed assent (minors), debriefing, no harm
14
Q
self report bias
A
errors that occur in data from surveys
15
Q
social desirability
A
people lie on surveys to look good
16
Q
wording effects
A
the way the question is worded can sway answers
17
Q
representative sample
A
people are representative of a population
18
Q
convenience sample
A
people chosen for experiment based on accessibility and ease. leads to sampling bias because these are not representative samples.
19
Q
sampling bias
A
when convenience sampling is used. not representative of a population
20
Q
confirmation bias
A
seek out data to confirm your beliefs
21
Q
hindsight bias
A
“i knew that was going to happen”
22
Q
overconfidence
A
overestimate ourselves
23
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
24
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
rest of nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord (central NS), relays to central NS
25
somatic NS
voluntary movements, has sensory and motor neurons
26
autonomic NS
involuntary organs. contains sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
27
sympathetic NS
fight or flight. (activates everything except digestion to conserve energy)... (so releases bladder, pupils dilate, etc)
28
parasympathetic NS
relaxed state, (stops everything, starts digestion)
29
neuron
basic cell of the NS, communicates signals
30
dendrites
branch-like part; receive incoming NTs (neurotransmitters)
31
axon
Action potential/neural impulse travels down axon; middle part of neuron (bubble looking things)
32
myelin sheath
covers the axon; speeds up action potential in axon, protects axon
33
MS (multiple sclerosis)
damage to myelin sheath -> slows down neurotransmissions -> people take longer to do simple tasks because action potential has decreased
34
synapse
gap btwn neurons
35
axon terminal
end of neuron. passes on msgs to other cells/body parts
36
soma
cell body (head of neuron underneath the dendrites)
37
sensory neurons
receive sense signals from environment and sends signals to brain
38
motor neurons
sends signals from brain to move body
39
interneurons
cells in spinal cord/brain that are responsible for reflex arc
40
reflex arc
important life-saving stimuli skips the brain and routes thru the spinal cord for immediate reactions. ex: hand on oven
41
Glial cells
cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons
42
Action Potential
must occur for the message to travel down the axon. only occurs once the threshold is met.
43
resting potential
neuron has a NEGATIVE charge when not doing anything
44
depolarization
message travels down the axon via depolarization, where each segment is depolarized then repolarized. ( - charge -> + charge -> - charge) via sodium ions flowing in and potassium ions flowing out
45
threshold
level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (AP)
46
all or nothing principle (!)
neurons either fire or don't
47
refractory period
period of rest neuron must undergo before it can send another AP. prevents 1 signal from combining w another
48
neurotransmitters
chemicals released in synapse, received by neurons. classified as excitatory or inhibitory
49
excitatory neurotransmitter
makes neuron more likely to reach AP and fire
50
inhibitory neurotransmitter
makes neuron less likely to reach action potential
51
reuptake
extra neurotransmitters are sucked back into the axon terminal
-antidepressants cause reuptake inhibition (block reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine so there is an excess in the synapse.)
(SSRI and SNRI meds)
52
GABA
inhibitor (prevents neuron firing); relax, reduces brain activity.
over: drowsy,
under: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
53
ACh
muscle, learning, memory.
over: paralysis
under: alzheimer's, MG Myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness)
54
dopamine
addiction, motivation, coordination, cognition
over: schizophrenia, euphoria, psychosis
under: parkinson's, ADHD
55
serotonin
happy, sleep, appetite
over: serotonin syndrome
under: depression, anxiety, insomnia, ed
56
norepinephrine
alertness
over: stress, anxiety, mania
under: depression, insomnia
57
endorphins
block pain, feel pleasure
under: increased pain sensitivity (withdrawals)
58
glutamate
excitatory (promotes firing), increases brain activity, learning, memory "glutes excite u"
over: migraines
under: learning deficits
59
leptin (hormone)
makes you full (stops hunger)
60
ghrelin (hormone)
makes you hungry (starts hunger, turns you into a gremlin)
61
melatonin (hormone)
sleep
62
agonist (!)
drug that mimics a NT, triggers same response
63
antagonist (!)
drug that blocks a NT or reduces NT effects
64
depressants
decrease nervous system (NS) activity (alcohol)
65
stimulants
increase NS activity (caffeine and cocaine)
66
hallucinogens
cause hallucinations and altered perceptions (marijuana)
67
opioids
relieve pain (endorphin agonists) (heroin)
68
cerebellum
MOTOR SKILLS, movement, balance, coordination
69
medulla
heart beat + breathing (that one kanye song)
70
RAS (reticular activating system)
arousal, awake
71
pons
helper
72
thalamus
sensory switchboard EXCEPT smell
73
hippocampus
episodic (long term personal) and semantic memory (long term memory
74
amygdala
fear and aggression
75
hypothalamus
homeostasis, pleasure, communicator
76
limbic system
HAH; hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
77
pituitary gland
talks w endocrine system and releases hormones
78
occipital lobe
vision
79
frontal lobe
decision making, planning, judgement, movement, personality, language, executive funictions. includes prefrontal and motor cortex
80
prefrontal cortex
front of frontal lobe- executive functions
81
motor cortex
back of frontal lobe- map of our motor receptors- controls skeletal movement`
82
somatosensory cortex
map of our touch receptors
83
temporal lobe
hearing and face recognition, language
84
adrenal glands
stress hormones
85
broca's area
speaking
86
broca's aphasia
in left hemisphere; struggle to produce coherent speach
87
wernicke's area
(left hemisphere) comprehend speech
88
corpus callosum
nerves that connect the left and right hemispheres
89
split-brain procedure
used for people w epilepsy and severe seizures, sever the corpus callosum
90
images shown to right eye are processed in what hemisphere/
LEFT
91
images shown to left eye are processed in what hemisphere
RIGHT
92
brain plasticity
brain changes via damage and thru experience
93
EEG (electroencephalogram)
records waves of electrical activity. used to detect SLEEPING DISORDERS
94
MRI
uses magnets to produce computer-generated images that allows us to see structures within the brain. strokes, bloodclots
95
CT scan/ CAT scan
series of x-rays and combined by computer.-concussions, brain damage
96
PET scan
detects where glucose is absorbed; evaluates heart and brain functions
97
blindsight
people can "see" and catch a ball, etc, despite being blind
98
prosopagnosia
face blindness (can't recognize faces) - damage to occipital and/or temporal lobe
99
phantom limb pain
pain from a limb that is amputated/no longer there. caused by brain plasticity
100
circadian rhythm
24 hr biological clock. disrupting causes internal clock to be out of sync (jet lag does this)
101
beta waves
awake (u beta be awake for the exam)
102
alpha waves
high amp; drowsy
103
NREM 1
light sleep, hypnagogic sensations (falling feeling)
104
NREM 2
bursts of sleep spindles
105
NREM 3
DELTA WAVES; deep sleep
106
REM
DREAMING
107
REM rebound
after lack of REM, u have more/more intense REM sleep
108
insomnia
inability to fall / stay asleep
109
sleep walking
occurs during NREM 3
110
narcolepsy
fall into REM out of nowhere
111
sleep apnea
stop breathing while asleep
112
REM behavior disorder
not paralyzed during REM!
113
sensation
receive stimulus energy
114
transduction
convert sensory info into APs
115
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory info. from the environment, enabling us to recognize things
116
absolute threshold
detection of signal 50% of time
117
synesthesia
"disorder" where you can see sounds, etc
118
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation. sensory receptors respond less (Tired) ex: nose blindness, etc
119
lens
focuses light on retina
120
retina
contains photoreceptors (rods/cones/ganglion cells)
121
fovea
area of best vision (cones here)
122
rods
black/white, dark adaptation, MORE RODS THAN CONES, located along sides of retina
123
cones
color, bright light (red, green, blue) (only in fovea)
124
ganglion cells
create optic nerve (opponent process theory happens here)
125
blind spot
occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye
126
cornea
transparent layer that covers eye
127
accommodation
lens change curvature to focus images on retina
128
nearsightedness
better vision near
129
farsightedness
better vision far
130
trichromatic theory
3 cones: red, green, blue
131
opponent process theory
AFTER IMAGE; complementary colors are processed in ganglion cells- explains why we see an AFTER IMAGE (think usa flag example)
red<->green
blue<->yellow
black<->white
132
color deficiency
damage to/missing cones or ganglion cells
133
dichromatism
missing 1 cone
134
monochromatism
only have rods
135
cochlea
hearing center thing looks like a shell
136
top-down processing
using existing knowledge and expectations to interpret new sensory info.
137
bottom-up processing
sensory analysis with just our senses and no prior knowledge
138
schemas
cognitive framework that lets a person interpret a new situation based on past, similar ones
139
perceptual set
a way of perceiving the world based on past experiences (top-down processing)
140
gestalt psychology
we view objects and situations in their simplest form and one whole (ex: black, brown, white dogs are ALL DOGS)
141
concepts
mental grouping of similar things
142
prototypes
image we think of (visual representation)
143
algorithms
longest way to get to a solution
144
heuristics
shortcut to get to a solution
145
representativeness heuristics
conclusion based on stereotypes (ex: we think shark deaths are higher than they are bc jaws movie)
146
availability heuristics
jump to conclusion based on a vivid, recent memory
147
mental set
tendency to approach a problem a certain way
148
priming
remember smth u wouldn't otherwise have remembered bc of another stimulus
149
framing
the way info/an issue is posed
150
gambler's fallacy
think chance is higher because it happened more (not true)
151
sunk-cost fallacy
continuing to do something because u already invested a lot of time in it
152
executive functions
a set of mental skills that help people plan, organize, and carry out actions to achieve goals
153
divergent thinking
creative thinking, has multiple answers
154
convergent thinking
one answer, plan
155
functional fixedness
thinking an object only has its usual function
156
explicit memory
things that take EFFORT to memorize (ex: this)
157
implicit memory
naturally learned skills (ex: walking)
158
episodic memory
personal memory
159
semantic memory
deep understanding/long term memory
160
longterm potentiation
synapse firing potential increases due to rapid stimulation
161
working memory model
auditory (rehearsal), visual spatial/sketchpad, and long term memory ALL CONNECT TO CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
162
phonological loop
obtains and stores written/spoken language
163
phonological store
inner ear; verbal short term memories
164
articulatory control process
inner voice interpreting/rehearsing info from phonological store. constructs words
165
visuospatial sketchpad
inner eye. ex: i remember there's a water cup next to me
166
central executive
task-switching and decision making
167
multi-store model
environment->senses->short term->long term
168
sensory memory
iconic/echoic (seeing/hearing)
169
levels of processing model
deeper encoding=recall better (semantic=highest)
170
mnemonic devices
imagery (wintersol)
171
method of loci
remember better from location u learned info in
172
chunking
grouping similar things together ex: acronyms
173
hierarchy
outline that organizes info
174
spacing effect
distributed practice=better learning
175
massed practice
cramming
176
serial position effect
primacy and recency effects
177
primacy effect
remember things at the beginning better
178
recency effect
remember lasst things better
179
rehearsal
repetition of info
180
maintenance rehearsal
saying/writing over and over
181
elaborative rehearsal
making a story w/ words
182
autobiographical memory
personal memory
183
superior autobiographical memory
unnatural superior memory of everything (that one old lady mv)
184
retrograde amnesia
can't remember anything before accident
185
anterograde amnesia
can't remember anything after accident
186
infantile amnesia
don't remember anything before 4 yrs old
187
recall
retrieving info. learned earlier (FRQ)
188
recognition
identify info previously learned (MCQ)
189
context dependent memory
being in same location=remember better?
190
state-dependent memory
drunk, high, sad, happy
remember from what state u were in in same state
191
forgetting curve
lose a lot of memory quickly after learning smth
192
proactive interference
old interferes w/ new memories
193
retroactive interference
new interferes w/ old memories
194
encoding failure
never encoded/memorized info
195
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
recognize info but retrieval fails
196
repression
blocks out hurtful memories
197
source amnesia
attributing info to the wrong source
198
misinfo. effect
personal memories messed up
199
constructive memory
false memory bc of wording
200
general intelligence (g)
G FACTOR: spearman believed intelligence is ONE SINGLE ENTITY
201
multiple abilities
gardner believed intelligence can be split into MULTIPLE TYPES
202
IQ equation:
mental age/actual age
203
WAIS
IQ test for adults, tests performance
204
WISC
child version of IQ performance test
205
standardized
give to another group to ensure no errors
206
validity
test is accurate and measures what its intended to
207
constructive validity
test measures what you want it to
208
predictive validity
test is able to accurately predict future achievement/employment, etc
209
reliability
results of test are consistent
210
test-retest reliability
take the same test again=get same results everytime
211
split-half reliability
even and odd questions have equal percentage correct
212
stereotype threat
people succumb to stereotypes and conform/do worse
213
stereotype lift
"you'll do good"=do better
214
flynn effect
IQ goes up 3 pts. every 10 years
215
achievement tests
test what was learned
216
aptitude tests
tests future performance
217
closure gestalt principle
brain fills in missing info to perceive a complete image
218
figure/ground gestalt principle
brain separates a main object (figure) from its surrounding background (ground)
219
binocular depth cues
use both eyes to create a 3d image of the world to give depth perception
220
proximity
monocular cue; group nearby figures together
221
similarity
monocular; group figures that are similar
222
selective attention
choose to focus on one thing over others
223
cocktail party effect
filtering out other sounds to listen to one
224
change blindness
changes in environment aren't percieved due to inattention
225
inattentional blindness
failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item
226
monocular depth cues
rely on one eye to process distance and depth
227
retinal disparity
binocular cue; the difference in images captured by each eye because of the different viewing angles
228
convergence
binocular cue; perceiving depth.
greater inward strain=closer object
229
relative clarity
monocular cue; sharp + clear= closer, blurry=further
230
relative size
monocular cue; smaller next to bigger object looks further
231
texture gradient
monocular cue; the gradual change in the visual texture of an object as it recedes in depth. change in texture provides important depth cues to the brain
232
linear perspective
monocular cue; visual cue where parallel lines appear to converge at a point in the distance, creating the perception of depth. ex: train tracks
233
interposition
monocular cue; when one object partially covers another, it makes the covered object look further
234
cross sectional studies
observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point (short amt. of time)
235
longitudinal
data collected from a population for a long amt of time
236
continuous vs discontinuous growth
continuous: slope development
discontinuous: stages (piaget)
237
teratogens
chemicals and viruses that reach the embryo and harm baby
238
reflex rooting
baby opens mouth when touched on the cheek
239
startle (moro) reflex
arms up, legs straight down
240
grasping reflex
very strong grip
241
babinski reflex
when touched on foot, baby's toes curl out
242
visual cliff apparatus
showed that infants have depth perception
243
critical period
optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. ex: attachment duck situation
244
primary sex characteristics
body parts that make reproduction possible
245
secondary sex characters
puberty body parts (hair, men's voice)
246
menopause
women stop having period at around 40 and have hot flashes, etc
247
piaget's discontinuous growth stages of development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
248
sensorimotor stage
0-2 yrs.
experience world thru senses and actions
-no object permanence until 8-9 months.
-no stranger danger until 8-9 months
249
preoperational stage
2-6/7 yrs
representing things w words and images but lacking logical reasoning
-pretend play
-egocentrism "world revolves around me", no empathy
-theory of mind, "where will sally look for her ball" people w autism lack
250
concrete operational
thinking logically about events, analogies, and math. "how?"
-develop conservation ex:cups, pennies
-basic math
251
formal operational
abstract reasoning
-algebra
-mature moral reasoning
252
vygotsky scaffolding
breaking up a concept into smaller parts (helpful in education)
253
vygotsky zone of proximal development
learning when you're by yourself, vs w others (teachers), and the potential/future
254
phonemes
phonics, smallest unit of sound
ex: "dog" 3 phonemes
255
morphemes
smallest unit of meaning
ex: dog=1 morpheme,
dogs=2 morphemes
256
semantics
sentence has to make sense put together
257
syntax
rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences
258
stage of language at 4 months
babbles/sounds
259
stage of language at 10 months
babble houshold language
260
stage of language at 1 year
one word
261
stage of language at 2 years
two words + telegraphic speech
262
stage of language at 2 yrs +
complete sentences
263
telegraphic speech
convey messages thru limited words
264
overgeneralization
when children make mistakes with verb tenses ex: "i goed to the store"
265
classical conditioning
learned associative behavior (reflex/emotion)
266
unconditioned stimulus
natural stimuli that triggers a response
267
unconditioned response
response first time UCS happens
268
conditioned stimulus
conditioned association
269
conditioned response
same as unconditioned response
270
acquisition
initial time to learn association (1/2 secs)
271
extinction
conditioned response gone because conditioned stimulus doesn't happen anymore
272
spontaneous recovery
reappearence of CR after a break (not as strong)
273
generalization
similar stimuli evoke similar CR
ex: fire alarm vs. school bell
274
discrimination
ability to distringuish btwn 2 CS with diff. CR
ex: fire alarm vs school bell
275
counterconditioning
helps get over fears/phobias
276
taste aversions
condition ourselves to avoid a food bc of associated negative experiences (ex: food poisoning)
277
biological preparedness
ppl/animals are naturally inclined to learn associations
278
habituation
environment not changing so get bored
279
operant conditioning
learned associative behavior bc of consequences
280
law of effect
favorable consequence=do more
unfavorable consequence= do less
281
positive reinforcement
rewarding good behavior
282
primary reinforcer
satisfies biological need
ex: food and water
283
secondary reinforcer
learned to reinforce behavior
ex: money
284
shaping
continuous->partial schedule to learn associations,etc
285
fixed ratio
reward after predictable number of behaviors
286
fixed interval
reward after predictable amt. of time
287
variable ratio
reward after unpredictable number of behaviors (ex: gambling, most addictive)
288
variable interval
reward after unpredictable amt of time
289
positive punishment
add punishment
290
negative punishment
take away smth as punishment
291
learned helplessness
dont try to combat punishment bc nothing you do will stop it
292
social learning
learn by observing and imitating
293
vicarious reinforcement
person imitates another because they recieve praise for it
294
vicarious punishment
person avoids behavior bc they saw someone else get punished for it
295
latent learning
learning without a reward (best type)
296
cognitive map
mapping out location
297
insight
aha moment
298
crystalized intelligence
book smarts
299
fluid intelligence
streets smarts
300
temperament
a person's emotional disposition and style of interacting w the world
temperament->personality
forms around 3 yrs old
301
authoritarian parenting
"too strict"
302
permissive parenting
"too lenient"
303
negligent parenting
uninvolved in child's life
304
authoritative
just right
305
parallel play
play alongside someone but dont interact
306
trust vs mistrust
0-1 yrs.
secure vs insecure attachmentn
307
autonomy vs shame
1-3 yrs
independence vs shame
308
initiative vs guilt
3-6 yrs
initiate tasks vs feel bad abt efforts to be independent
309
confidence vs inferiority
6-puberty
310
identitiy vs role confusion
teens-20 ex:jojo siwa
311
intimacy vs isolation
20-40
find love or feel socially isolated
312
generativity vs stagnation
40-60
activity vs midlife crisis
313
integrity vs despair
60+
satisfaction vs failure
314
dispositional attribution
person's internal qualities are the reason for their behavior
315
situational attribution
external circumstances are the reason for a person's behavior
316
fundamental attribution error (FAE)
tendency to blame another person's behavior for internal reasons (dispositional attribution).
317
actor-observor bias
when it's others, it's their personality.
when it's me, it's the situation/external factors
318
self-serving bias
i succeeded bc i'm awesome
i failed bc of someone else
319
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
320
relative deprivation
judge what we're lacking relative to others
321
external locus of control
chance/outside factors control my life
322
internal locus of control
i control my own life
323
mere exposure effect
like someone/something more bc of being around them more
324
ingroup bias
favor those in my group over those in other groups
325
ethnocentrism
tendency to see your own group as more important than others
326
outgroup homogeneity bias
perception that ppl in other groups are all the same
327
just-world phenomenon
everyone gets what they deserve
328
belief perservereance
stick to your beliefs even when presented w info that disproves it
329
cognitive dissonance
hold two conflicting thoughts at the same time. makes us find ways to justify the situation
330
informational social influence
their opinion must be right so i'll just believe whatever they say
331
central route to persuasion
logos, facts. longterm behavior change
332
peripheral route to persuasion
emotional appeals, incidental cues. temporary behavior changes
333
halo effect
theyre good in one aspect, so they must be good in another
334
foot in the door phenomenon
small request->big request
335
door in the face phenomenon
big request->no->small request
336
conformity requirements
-group has 3+ ppl
-group is unanimous
-group is presented nice
337
collectivism
encourages social/group ties. more conformity/obedience
338
individualism
less conformity/obedience
339
group polarization
same thoughts->stronger thoughts when around likeminded people
340
groupthink
desire for harmony leads to everyone in the group going w the same thinking
341
deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that encourage anonymity
342
false consensus effect
overestimate the degree to which everyone else thinks/acts the same way we do.
ex: ask yaya if she also thinks/acts this, she says no, oh
343
superordinate goals
two or more groups work together to achieve a common goal. used to defeat social traps
344
social trap
ppl put their own needs before the group needs, results in bad outcome
or
temporary solution->bad longterm solution
345
altruism
unselfish interest in helping other ppl
346
social reciprocity norm
"help me and ill help u"
347
social responsibility norm
moral sense of good
348
the id
"devil on your shoulder" hidden wants and desires
349
the ego
every day reality, what people see, literally YOU. in the middle of id and superego
350
the superego
"angel on your shoulder" our morals
351
repression
block memories
352
regression
regress to childlike state/behavior,etc
353
denial
refuse to believe smth
354
rationalization
excuses for our behavior
355
projection
take out how you feel on someone INVOLVED
356
reaction formation
do the opposite of how you feel
357
sublimation
make something socially acceptable. ex:karate aggression kid
358
displacement
take out how you feel on an INNOCENT BYSTANDER
359
projective tests
Free form responses to ambiguous stimuli ex: TATS, inkblots, word associations, etc
360
unconditional positive regard (UPR)
humanistic therapy approach, accept someone no matter what
361
drive reduction theory
needs create a drive that must be fulfilled to maintain HOMEOSTASIS
362
arousal theory
seek stimulation to optimize arousal ex: fun, challenges, etc
363
yerkes dodson law
ties w arousal theory. optimal arousal is in the middle of easy and hard, low and high arousal
364
instinct theory
motivated by instincts of survival and reproductive success. ex:worst wksht ever
365
sensation-seeking theory
new experiences are the basis of motivation
ex: experience seeking
-thrill seeking: risky
-disinhibition: loss of self control to regulate impulses, urges, and emotions
-boredom susceptibility: inability to tolerate monotony
366
lewin's motivational conflicts theory
-approach-approach
-approach-aavoidance
-avoidance-avoidance
367
incentive theory
focus on external reasons for motivation (extrisnic motivation)
368
extrisnic motivation
doing smth for reward
369
self determination theory
a continuum of motivation towards intrisnic motivation
3 crucial elements:
-competence (confidence)
-autonomy (independence)
-relatedness (ppl supporting u)
ex: becoming healthy needs to be intrinsic
370
lateral hypothalamus
signals hunger to brain/body
-chemical: ghrelin
371
ventromedial hypothalamus
stops hunger
-chemical: leptin
372
self-actualization
peak of Maslow's triangle; one has become the best human being they could become
373
self-transcendence
peak peak of Maslow's triangle; put others before yourself
374
client-centered therapy
equal relationship between therapist and client
375
active listening
echoing, restating client's words
376
paul ekman's universality of emotions
facial expressions are universal
gestures/body lang. is cultural
377
display rules
who can show which emotion to whom, and when. we learn while growing up
378
elicitors
when to express emotion
ex: boss walks in, stop making weird face
379
james-lange theory
physical reaction->emotion
ex: increased heart rate leads to increased fear
380
cannon-bard theory
physical reaction occurs at the same time as emotion
381
schacter two factor theory
pr+cognitive label(thinking) leads to emotion
382
dual processing
path 1= slower, analytical thinking
path 2= faster, speedy emotion
383
broaden and build theory
positive emotions widen and encourage exploration adn creativity, leadnig to new skills, social connections, etc
384
"feel good, do good" phenomenon
"im in a good mood, so im gonna be nice"
385
adaptation level phenomenon
"i'll be happy when"
386
relative deprivation
compare ourselves to others
387
the q sort
set of cards for ideal and real self
388
reciprocal determinism
internal/cog factors<-> environmental factors<-> behavior
ex:
liking highrisk activities<->
bungee jumping friends<->
learning to bungee jump
389
self eficacy
a combination of self esteem and confidence. low=rely on others, high=rely on self
390
facial feedback hypothesis
being forced to smile will make u happy, etc
391
dissociative amnesia
inability to remember parts of the past as a result of trauma
ex: severe case=fugue
