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AP Psych > AP Psych Chapter 6 > Flashcards

AP Psych Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of learning?

A

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Learning

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

After frequent exposure to 2 stimuli occurring in sequence, we associate those stimuli together.
Ex: We learn to always expect thunder after lightening

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3
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learn to repeat acts that bring good results and to avoid acts that bring bad results.
Ex: A student will do their homework because they will be rewarded with a good grade.

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4
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

acquires new behavior and information mentally, rather than by direct experience. Observing he events and behaviors of others.

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

The theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through interaction with the environment. (conditioning). Our responses to the environment stimuli shape our actions.

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6
Q

Who were the doctors that favored Classical Conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

John B. Watson

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s experiment

A

While studying salivation in dogs, he found that salivation from eating food was eventually triggered by what should of been a neutral stimulus.
Ex: seeing food, seeing the dish, seeing the person who brought the food

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8
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus that doesn’t trigger a response before conditioning
Ex: Tone

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9
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

a stimulus that triggers a response naturally, before any conditioning
Ex: Salivation in response to food was unlearned

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10
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Th stimulus that causes the behavior.

Ex: the food

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11
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Learning to associate two stimuli

Ex: Dog learned to associate a tone and food

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12
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

The previous neutral stimulus that now triggers the conditional salivation.
Ex: The tone

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13
Q

What is the difference between the Unconditioned Response and the Conditioned Response?

A

They are the same responses, but triggered by different events.

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14
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

When a new neutral stimulus becomes a new conditioned stimulus
Ex: A tone regularly signals food and produces saliva, light can associate with the tone and this could trigger saliva.

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15
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage of learning/conditioning
CC: links US to trigger CR
OC: Strengthen reinforced response

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16
Q

Extinction

A

the diminishing of the conditional response

Ex: if the food (US) stops appearing after the tone (CS) then the CR decreases

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17
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

A return of the CR after the lack of further conditioning

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18
Q

Generalization

A

Response to stimulus similar to CS

Ex: When dogs are conditioned to expect food after bring rubbed, they will also expect food when being scratched

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

Distinguishing between the CS from other irrelevant stimulus

Ex: The dog only expects food from a certain tone of the bell

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20
Q

John B. Watson’s experiment

A

Baby Albert was never scared of a rat. Watson would make a loud noise every time the rat was presented to Albert. He then started to fear rats, and generalized this wear with other fluffy things. He was able to shape someones emotions.

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21
Q

Who was the inventer of Operant Conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

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22
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Believed that control and modification of behavior through conditioning can be made into a precise science,
Developed basic principle to guide conditioning,
We tend to repeat behaviors that are associated with reward and avoid those associated with punishment.

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23
Q

What are the three laws of conditioned learning?

A
  1. Things that happen together are associated with each other.
  2. Repetition is a part of conditioning
  3. Animals or humans tend to do what feels good and avoid what feels bad.( Thorndike Principle
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24
Q

What is the difference between CC and OC?

A

In CC the followers looked on their animal subjects as passive. In OC the followers showed that animals can be active during conditioning

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25
Q

What was the skinner box?

A

A rat was placed inside a cage were a lever could release food. Rat had no idea what lever did. Rat eventually stumbles around lever and receives food. Rat soon realizes that hitting lever it will get food.

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26
Q

Reinforcers

A

event that strengthens preceding response

-varies between people

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27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response

28
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant (removes a punishing event)
Ex: pushing the snooze button will silence the annoying alarm, end of alarm=repeat behavior

29
Q

What is an example of when Positive and Negative reinforcement collide?

A

A worried student, after goofing off and getting bad grade on test, studies harder for the next. This increased effort may be negatively reinforced by reduced anxiety, and positively reinforced by better grades.

30
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

unlearned reinforcers

Ex: Getting food when hungry

31
Q

Secondary (Conditioned) reinforcers

A

Get there power from learned associations with primary reinforcers
Ex: If a rat learns that a light signals food is coming, the rat will work to turn the light on. The light is the secondary reinforcers

32
Q

What are some examples of primary reinforcer?

A

Food/Drink
Sex
Breathing

33
Q

What are some examples of secondary reinforcer?

A

Money
Education
Job
Looks

34
Q

What are the four reinforced Schedueles?

A

Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

35
Q

Continous Reinforcers

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

36
Q

Partial Reinforcer

A

responses are sometimes reinforced

Ex: Slot machines give rewards unpredictably

37
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

A reward can be offered for a given number of acceptable response
Ex: Every peck of the pigeon is reinforced with one food pellet
1:1

38
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcer is provided after an unpredictable number of responses, doesn’t know when reward is coming
Ex: Gambling

39
Q

Fixed Interval

A

You know a reward is coming based off of a normal body clock

Ex: People checking mail as the delivery time approaches

40
Q

Variable Interval

A

When the time between reward is varied, a reward should come but not sure when
Ex: Fishing

41
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases the frequency of preceding behavior

  • behavior is suppresses not forgotten
  • increase aggressiveness
  • teach discrimination and fear
42
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adding a negative stimulus to the situation

Ex: getting yelled at in front of friends, gets embarrassed (added behavior)

43
Q

Negative Punishment

A

taking something away

Ex: Time-out from privileges (such a time with friends) or taking away drivers license

44
Q

Cognitive Map

A

a mental representation of an area

Ex: after exploring a maze, rats received food reward at the end. Knowing there is a reward they go through it faster

45
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that is not immediately expressed, it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior

46
Q

Insight

A

sudden solution to a problem

Ex: puzzled over a problem, then the pieces seem to fall together suddenly

47
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake, can be ruined by rewards

48
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

desire to behavior is ways to receive rewards/ avoid punishment

49
Q

What is an example of operant conditioning

A

At Work rewards increase productivity, rewards shouldn’t be lavish, simple as saying “good job”
At Home give attention to children doing well

50
Q

What is the difference between CC and OC?

A

In CC an organism accosciates different stimuli that they can’t control and respond automatically. In OC an organism associates its operant behaviors with there consequences

51
Q

Observational learning

A

learn by observing and imitating others

52
Q

Modeling

A

observing and imitating specific behaviors

53
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

fire when you or you observe someone doing an action

-monkey see/monkey do

54
Q

What doctor favored Observational Learning

A

Albert Bandura

55
Q

Albert Bandura

A

An adult hits and kicks a bobo doll for 10 minutes while kids watch. He then takes the kid into a room with toys and a bobo toll and makes them frustrated by telling them he is giving the better toys to other kids. Those who viewed the adult hit the doll, were more likely to imitate what they observed

56
Q

Prosocial

A

positive, constructive, and helpful behvaior

Ex: to encourage kids to read, read to them and surround them with books

57
Q

Antisocial

A

Negative outcome of a behavior

This helps us understand why abusive parents might have aggressive children

58
Q

Aversion therapy

A

natural way to get rid of something

Ex: throwing up after drinking a lot, causes you to feel nausea when you think of alcohol

59
Q

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

A

Negative reinforcement is conditioned on schedules and the goal is the change behavior for good. Punishment’s goal is to decrease negative behavior (short term)

60
Q

Learning performance distinction

A

difference between kids acting on behavior and learning behavior
-some kids are able to watch behavior and not act out

61
Q

What are the four components of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

A

Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation

62
Q

Banduras Social Learning Theory

A

In order to learn how to draw a star, you need attention span long enough to watch someone draw, remember how they did it, imitate drawing, and you need the motivation to do this

63
Q

When is learning evident during CC?

A

stimulus didn’t initially produce a response now elicits that response

64
Q

To be effective, punishment should be?

A

immediate and severe

65
Q

In operant conditioning, the reinforcer occurs……the response and in classical conditioning it occurs….?

A

After

Before

AP Psych (1 decks)

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