AP Psych Chapter 6 Flashcards
What are the three types of learning?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Learning
Classical Conditioning
After frequent exposure to 2 stimuli occurring in sequence, we associate those stimuli together.
Ex: We learn to always expect thunder after lightening
Operant Conditioning
Learn to repeat acts that bring good results and to avoid acts that bring bad results.
Ex: A student will do their homework because they will be rewarded with a good grade.
Cognitive Learning
acquires new behavior and information mentally, rather than by direct experience. Observing he events and behaviors of others.
Behaviorism
The theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through interaction with the environment. (conditioning). Our responses to the environment stimuli shape our actions.
Who were the doctors that favored Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment
While studying salivation in dogs, he found that salivation from eating food was eventually triggered by what should of been a neutral stimulus.
Ex: seeing food, seeing the dish, seeing the person who brought the food
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that doesn’t trigger a response before conditioning
Ex: Tone
Unconditioned Response
a stimulus that triggers a response naturally, before any conditioning
Ex: Salivation in response to food was unlearned
Unconditioned Stimulus
Th stimulus that causes the behavior.
Ex: the food
Conditioned Response
Learning to associate two stimuli
Ex: Dog learned to associate a tone and food
Conditioned Stimulus
The previous neutral stimulus that now triggers the conditional salivation.
Ex: The tone
What is the difference between the Unconditioned Response and the Conditioned Response?
They are the same responses, but triggered by different events.
Higher-Order Conditioning
When a new neutral stimulus becomes a new conditioned stimulus
Ex: A tone regularly signals food and produces saliva, light can associate with the tone and this could trigger saliva.
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning/conditioning
CC: links US to trigger CR
OC: Strengthen reinforced response
Extinction
the diminishing of the conditional response
Ex: if the food (US) stops appearing after the tone (CS) then the CR decreases
Spontaneous Recovery
A return of the CR after the lack of further conditioning
Generalization
Response to stimulus similar to CS
Ex: When dogs are conditioned to expect food after bring rubbed, they will also expect food when being scratched
Discrimination
Distinguishing between the CS from other irrelevant stimulus
Ex: The dog only expects food from a certain tone of the bell
John B. Watson’s experiment
Baby Albert was never scared of a rat. Watson would make a loud noise every time the rat was presented to Albert. He then started to fear rats, and generalized this wear with other fluffy things. He was able to shape someones emotions.
Who was the inventer of Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
B.F Skinner
Believed that control and modification of behavior through conditioning can be made into a precise science,
Developed basic principle to guide conditioning,
We tend to repeat behaviors that are associated with reward and avoid those associated with punishment.
What are the three laws of conditioned learning?
- Things that happen together are associated with each other.
- Repetition is a part of conditioning
- Animals or humans tend to do what feels good and avoid what feels bad.( Thorndike Principle
What is the difference between CC and OC?
In CC the followers looked on their animal subjects as passive. In OC the followers showed that animals can be active during conditioning
What was the skinner box?
A rat was placed inside a cage were a lever could release food. Rat had no idea what lever did. Rat eventually stumbles around lever and receives food. Rat soon realizes that hitting lever it will get food.
Reinforcers
event that strengthens preceding response
-varies between people
Positive reinforcement
Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response
Negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant (removes a punishing event)
Ex: pushing the snooze button will silence the annoying alarm, end of alarm=repeat behavior
What is an example of when Positive and Negative reinforcement collide?
A worried student, after goofing off and getting bad grade on test, studies harder for the next. This increased effort may be negatively reinforced by reduced anxiety, and positively reinforced by better grades.
Primary reinforcers
unlearned reinforcers
Ex: Getting food when hungry
Secondary (Conditioned) reinforcers
Get there power from learned associations with primary reinforcers
Ex: If a rat learns that a light signals food is coming, the rat will work to turn the light on. The light is the secondary reinforcers
What are some examples of primary reinforcer?
Food/Drink
Sex
Breathing
What are some examples of secondary reinforcer?
Money
Education
Job
Looks
What are the four reinforced Schedueles?
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Continous Reinforcers
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial Reinforcer
responses are sometimes reinforced
Ex: Slot machines give rewards unpredictably
Fixed Ratio
A reward can be offered for a given number of acceptable response
Ex: Every peck of the pigeon is reinforced with one food pellet
1:1
Variable Ratio
Reinforcer is provided after an unpredictable number of responses, doesn’t know when reward is coming
Ex: Gambling
Fixed Interval
You know a reward is coming based off of a normal body clock
Ex: People checking mail as the delivery time approaches
Variable Interval
When the time between reward is varied, a reward should come but not sure when
Ex: Fishing
Punishment
Decreases the frequency of preceding behavior
- behavior is suppresses not forgotten
- increase aggressiveness
- teach discrimination and fear
Positive Punishment
Adding a negative stimulus to the situation
Ex: getting yelled at in front of friends, gets embarrassed (added behavior)
Negative Punishment
taking something away
Ex: Time-out from privileges (such a time with friends) or taking away drivers license
Cognitive Map
a mental representation of an area
Ex: after exploring a maze, rats received food reward at the end. Knowing there is a reward they go through it faster
Latent Learning
learning that is not immediately expressed, it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior
Insight
sudden solution to a problem
Ex: puzzled over a problem, then the pieces seem to fall together suddenly
Intrinsic Motivation
the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake, can be ruined by rewards
Extrinsic Motivation
desire to behavior is ways to receive rewards/ avoid punishment
What is an example of operant conditioning
At Work rewards increase productivity, rewards shouldn’t be lavish, simple as saying “good job”
At Home give attention to children doing well
What is the difference between CC and OC?
In CC an organism accosciates different stimuli that they can’t control and respond automatically. In OC an organism associates its operant behaviors with there consequences
Observational learning
learn by observing and imitating others
Modeling
observing and imitating specific behaviors
Mirror Neurons
fire when you or you observe someone doing an action
-monkey see/monkey do
What doctor favored Observational Learning
Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura
An adult hits and kicks a bobo doll for 10 minutes while kids watch. He then takes the kid into a room with toys and a bobo toll and makes them frustrated by telling them he is giving the better toys to other kids. Those who viewed the adult hit the doll, were more likely to imitate what they observed
Prosocial
positive, constructive, and helpful behvaior
Ex: to encourage kids to read, read to them and surround them with books
Antisocial
Negative outcome of a behavior
This helps us understand why abusive parents might have aggressive children
Aversion therapy
natural way to get rid of something
Ex: throwing up after drinking a lot, causes you to feel nausea when you think of alcohol
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative reinforcement is conditioned on schedules and the goal is the change behavior for good. Punishment’s goal is to decrease negative behavior (short term)
Learning performance distinction
difference between kids acting on behavior and learning behavior
-some kids are able to watch behavior and not act out
What are the four components of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
Banduras Social Learning Theory
In order to learn how to draw a star, you need attention span long enough to watch someone draw, remember how they did it, imitate drawing, and you need the motivation to do this
When is learning evident during CC?
stimulus didn’t initially produce a response now elicits that response
To be effective, punishment should be?
immediate and severe
In operant conditioning, the reinforcer occurs……the response and in classical conditioning it occurs….?
After
Before
