AP Psych Flashcards
Empiricism
the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
Introspection
Observing one’s own psychological processes through inward looking
Structuralism
Early school of thought, promoted by Wundt and Titchener, utilized introspection to understand human mind structure
Functionalism
An early school of thought, influenced by James and Darwin, explored mental and behavioral processes for organism adaptation, survival, and flourishing
Nature–Nurture
The debate over genes and experience’s role in psychological traits and behaviors has evolved to consider nature and nurture’s interaction
Positive Psychology
Scientific study of human flourishing aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues for individual and community success
Biopsychosocial
Biopsychosocial approach integrates biological, psychological, and social perspectives
Basic Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Basic Research
Pure science aims to expand scientific knowledge
Applied Research
A scientific study aimed at resolving practical problems
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychology lab in Germany, combining physiology and philosophy, promoting introspection and structuralism.
G. Stanley Hall
the first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology and president of the American Psychological Association, established the first psychology research laboratory
William James
James was a teacher-writer functionalist who authored an important principal of psychology text. He mentored Calkins.
Inez Beverly Prosser
First African-American woman to earn a psychology doctoral degree in the US
Mary Whiton Calkin
Pioneering memory researcher and first woman president of American Psychological Association
Margaret Floy Washburn
American psychologist, 2nd female APA president, researched animal theory, motor theory, and 1st woman to earn Ph.D. in psychology
Edward Titchener
British-American psychologist founded structuralism, Wundt’s student, the first school of psychology focusing on intropspection
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician founded Pyschoanalytic School, focused on unconscious motives, personality formation, and psychoanalysis.
John B. Watson
American psychologist, founded the behaviorism school, which shifted from the “science of mental life” to the scientific study of observable behavior.
B.F Skinner
American psychologist and behaviorist, pioneer of operant conditioning, believed that behavior is determined by past rewards and punishments, using operant conditioning apparatus to study reinforcement schedules
Dorothea Dix
Pioneer in treating mentally ill, she improved conditions in jails, poorhouses, and asylums, persuading states to take responsibility, and created the first generation of American mental asylums
Hindsight Bias
The belief in foreseen outcomes after learning them.
Overconfidence
Overconfidence in beliefs and judgments leads to overestimation of accuracy
Operational Definition
A detailed description of research study procedures
Survey
Descriptive technique for gathering self-reported attitudes and behaviors from a representative random sample
Naturalistic observation
Descriptive technique observes and records behavior in natural situations without manipulation or control
Case Study
Descriptive technique studies an individual or group to uncover universal principles
Correlations
The relationship between two variables in statistical terms
Expirement
Research method manipulating factors to observe behavior effects
Confounding Variables
a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results
Random Assignment
Randomly assigning participants to experimental and control groups to minimize differences
Constant
Unaffected sample to ensure reliability, eliminates errors, and eliminates bias
Experimenter Bias
Scientists’ tendency to introduce bias into experiments
Single-Blind Procedure
Experimental procedure involves experimenters knowing test and control group makeup, while subjects remain unaware of the results
Double-Blind Procedure
one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment
Placebo Effect
The placebo effect occurs when a treatment appears real but lacks therapeutic benefit, causing physical or mental health improvement
Hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Independent Variable
in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent Variable
in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
Theory
An integrated explanation using principles for organizing observations and predicting behaviors
Sampling
Selecting the research group for data collection
Population
Study group members for sample collection
Representative Sample
A sample accurately reflects its population’s characteristics
Random Sampling
A sampling technique ensuring equal selection for all target population members
Institutional Review Board
Administrative body protecting research subjects’ rights and welfare
Descriptive Statistics
Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups