AP Lecture Exam 1

Question 1

Hormonal stimulation

Answer 1

Gland cells release its hormone when another hormone binds to it
Example anterior pituitary releases TSH into thyroid releasing TH releasing T3 and T4

Question 2

Humoral stimulation

Answer 2

Gland cells release hormones when certain changes in levels of nutrients in blood
Example blood glucose goes up pancreas releases insulin to decrease blood glucose

Question 3

Nervous stimulation

Answer 3

Gland cells release its hormone when a neuron stimulates it
Example sensory detects hot object automatically moves as an impulse.

Question 4

Terminal ganglia

Answer 4

In parasympathetic division
Located close to effector

Question 5

Intramural ganglia

Answer 5

In parasympathetic division
Located within wall of target organ

Question 6

Alpha 1 receptors

Answer 6

Receptors found in smooth muscle increases BP due to vasoconstriction
Located in
blood vessels -vasoconstriction
Arrestor pili muscle- goosebumps
Uterus-contraction
Internal urethral spincher- closes
Pupil dilation

Question 7

Alpha 2 receptors

Answer 7

Located throughout CNS ,
Decrease BP by inhibiting NE release
Pancreas inhibits insulin secretion
GI tract spincher constricts

Question 8

Beta 1 receptors

Answer 8

Adrenergic and response to EPI n NE
Located in
Heart increase hr and force
Kidneys stimulates renin secretion

Question 9

Beta 2 receptors

Answer 9

Adrenergic and response to EPI n NE causes relaxation of smooth muscle and vasodilation
Located in
Smooth muscle of heart,liver, and skeletal muscle causing dilation
Lung bronchodilation
Uterine and GI tract smooth muscle relaxation
Detrusor muscle of bladder relaxation

Question 10

Autonomic NS

Answer 10

Effector smooth muscle
Cell body for lower motor neuron is in lateral gray horn
Autonomic ganglion
2 lower motor neurons

Question 11

Autonomic tone

Answer 11

Innervated by both divisions of ANS continuously release of ACh and NE to create balance in resting heart rate
Only one controls the status
Only sympathetic touches blood vessels

Question 12

Dual innervation

Answer 12

Organs receive input from both divisions may have antagonist or cooperative effects

Question 13

Antagonist effects

Answer 13

Two divisions oppose each other

Question 14

Cooperative effects

Answer 14

Working together
(P) - Penis erection -vasodilation
(S) - ejaculation

Question 15

4 hormones not under the control of the hypothalamus

Answer 15

T4
T3
Calcitonin
From thyroid
PTH
From parathyroid
These regulated by feedback loops by thyroid gland and parathyroid gland, not hypothalamus

Question 16

2 classes of hormones

Answer 16

Steroids- lipid soluble needs carrier protein
Biogenic amines water soluble travel freely in blood
TH - thyroid hormone is a lipid soluble but in Biogenic

Question 17

TRH

Answer 17

Releases TSH to thyroid gland to release TH to release T3 & T4

Question 18

GnRH

Answer 18

Releases FSH & LH to reproductive organs testies and ovaries release estrogen and testosterone

Question 19

CRH

Answer 19

Release ACTH to adrenal gland
Medulla releases EPI & NE
Cortex releases cortisol

Question 20

GHRH

Answer 20

Release GH to the liver to release IGF + GH to bone ,muscle, and other tissues

Question 21

Follicular cells

Answer 21

Produce and releases TH thyroid hormone

Question 22

Parafollicular cells

Answer 22

Make calcitonin hormone that decrease blood calcium levels

Question 23

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 23

Excessive production of TH
Increases metabolic rate,weight loss,hyperactivity

Question 24

Hypothyroidism

Answer 24

Decreased production of TH
Low metabolic rate,low energy, always cold , weight gain
Caused by low iodine intake
Treated with thyroid hormone replacement

Question 25

Glycogenolysis

Answer 25

Releasing glucose into blood

Question 26

Lipolysis

Answer 26

Generated ATP for growth

Question 27

Glycogenolysis

Answer 27

Releasing glucose into blood

Question 28

Lipolysis

Answer 28

Generated ATP for growth

Question 29

Oxytocin effects

Answer 29

Uterine contraction, milk ejaculations, emotional bonding

Question 30

ADH effects

Answer 30

Vasopression
Decrease urine production, stimulates Thirst and constricts blood vessels

Question 31

Zona glumerosa

Answer 31

Secretes Aldosterone puts salt into blood - water follows salt -
Increasing blood pressure and blood volume

Question 32

Zona Facsciculata

Answer 32

Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar with cortisol

Question 33

Zona Reticularis

Answer 33

Releases Androgen
Male sex hormones
Females androgen converts into estrogen

Question 34

Follicular cells of thyroid gland

Answer 34

Makes and release TH

Question 35

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

Answer 35

Make Calcitonin hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

Question 36

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 36

Excessive production of TH
Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance
Loss of feed back control
Treated by removing the thyroid
and given hormone supplements

Question 37

Hypothyroidism

Answer 37

Decrease production of TH
Low metabolic rate, low energy, cold intolerance, and weight gain
Caused by decreased iodine intake loss of pituitary stimulation of thyroid
Immune destruction
Treated with thyroid hormone replacement

Question 38

Goiter

Answer 38

Enlargement of thyroid due to insufficient dietary iodine
Lack to iodine prevents thyroid from producing TH

Question 39

2 classes of hormones

Answer 39

Lipid soluble hormones
Water soluble hormones

Question 40

Lipid soluble

Answer 40

Steroids
Diffuse across target cell membrane
Lipophilic
Receptors in nucleus

Question 41

Water soluble hormones

Answer 41

Biogenic amines
Use membrane receptors
Travels freely in blood