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AP Language > AP Language > Flashcards

AP Language Flashcards

List of Words

1
Q

Active Voice

A

Definition - The subject of the sentence performs the action.

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2
Q

Active Voice

A

Example - “Anthony drove while Toni searched for the house.”

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3
Q

Active Voice

A

Effect on the Text - In most cases, using active voice will result in shorter, sharper sentences that are easier for the reader to follow.

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4
Q

Allusion

A

Definition - An indirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar.

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5
Q

Allusion

A

Example - “Chocolate is his Krytonite.”

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6
Q

Allusion

A

Effect on the Text - If a character within a story uses an allusion (refers to another piece of work), it can give deeper insight on what kind of person they are.

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7
Q

Alter-Ego

A

Defintion - A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts; when an author
speaks directly to the audience through a character.

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8
Q

Alter-Ego

A

Example - Bill Nye the Science Guy is a example.

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9
Q

Alter-Ego

A

Effect on the Text - Much of the text is found in a first person point of view.

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10
Q

Anecdote

A

Defintion - A brief recounting of a relevant episode.

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11
Q

Anecdote

A

Example - “Last week’s episode on Dragon Ball Z”

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12
Q

Anecdote

A

Effect on the Text - Their effect is often to create an emotional or sympathetic response.

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13
Q

Antecedent

A

Definiton - The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

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14
Q

Antecedent

A

Example - “If I could command the wealth of all the world by lifting my finger, I would not pay such a price for it.”

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15
Q

Antecedent

A

Effect of the Text - the antecedent replaces where those pronouns are.

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16
Q

Classicism

A

Definition - Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures.

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17
Q

Classicism

A

Example - This can conclude of Dante, Petrarch, and Shakespeare in poetry and theatre

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18
Q

Classicism

A

Effect of the Text - The reader can relate to these views, as they may have heard them in other places.

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19
Q

Comic Relief

A

Definition - when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood
somewhat.

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20
Q

Comic Relief

A

Example - The “gatekeeper scene” in Macbeth is an example of comic relief.

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21
Q

Comic Relief

A

Effect on the Text - the text would try to show the growth of a punchline of some sorts.

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22
Q

Diction

A

Defintion - Word choice, particularly as an element of style.

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23
Q

Diction

A

Example - many forms of this include Colloquial, Connotation, Denotation, Jargon, and Vernacular.

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24
Q

Diction

A

Effect of the Text - Diction can have a great effect on the tone of a piece of literature, and how readers perceive the characters.

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25
Q

Colloquial

A

Defintion - Ordinary or familiar type of conversation.

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26
Q

Colloquial

A

Example - some including “truck”/“lorry”, “soccer”/“football”, and “parakeet”/“budgie”.

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27
Q

Colloquial

A

Effect on the Text - When appropriately used, colloquial language can be useful in creating a bond between reader and writer that makes it easier for the reader to agree with the writer’s point of view, but can come across as out of place with a serious issue.

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28
Q

Connotation

A

Defintion - Rather than the dictionary definition (denotation), the associations suggested by a
word.

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29
Q

Connotation

A

Example - The “Dog”, “Pet”, and “Man’s best friend” still implies that it still comes from that dog.

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30
Q

Connotation

A

Effect on the Text - Words with strongly positive connotations often persuade readers to see your ideas in a favorable way.

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31
Q

Denotation

A

Definition - The literal, explicit meaning of a word, without its connotations.

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32
Q

Denotation

A

Example - “The man was red”

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33
Q

Denotation

A

Effect on the Text - an author wants the reader to understand a word, phrase, or sentence in its literal form, without other implied, associated, or suggested meanings.

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34
Q

Jargon

A

Definition - The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity

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35
Q

Jargon

A

Example - “Due diligence”, refers to having research before a important business decision.

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36
Q

Jargon

A

Effect on the Text - Jargon words are meant to enhance communication by simplifying a particular concept.

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37
Q

Vernacular

A

Definition - 1. Language or dialect of a particular country. 2. Language or dialect of a regional
clan or group. 3. Plain everyday speech

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38
Q

Vernacular

A

Example - US being a example of where a group of people use a certain language.

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39
Q

Vernacular

A

Effect on the Text - The word “vernacular” helps express that the language used is that of a specific group, especially when it is different from the standard language used in that setting.

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40
Q

Didactic

A

Definition - A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.

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41
Q

Didactic

A

Example - One key example includes: An Inspector Calls- teaching us that we are all equal and we are all “responsible for each other”.

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42
Q

Didactic

A

Effect on the Text - To give the reader a sense of what morals they’ll learn in this writing.

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43
Q

Adage

A

Definition - A folk saying with a lesson.

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44
Q

Adage

A

Example - “A rolling stone gathers no moss.”

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45
Q

Adage

A

Effect on the Text - The text are mostly concise and philosophical.

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46
Q

Allegory

A

Definition - A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts.

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47
Q

Allegory

A

Example - Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is an allegory.

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48
Q

Allegory

A

Effect on the Text - In allegory, nearly all elements of the narrative typically can be interpreted as having a symbolic meaning that enhances the broader meaning of the story.

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49
Q

Aphorism

A

Definition - A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.

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50
Q

Aphorism

A

Example - “God helps them that help themselves,”

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51
Q

Aphorism

A

Effect on the Text - writers use aphorisms to cleverly and concisely express observations or philosophical ideas.

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52
Q

Ellipsis

A

Definition - The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author.

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53
Q

Ellipsis

A

Example - “The whole day, rain, torrents of rain.”

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54
Q

Ellipsis

A

Effect on the Text - used when omitting a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage. Ellipses save space or remove material that is less relevant.

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55
Q

Euphemism

A

Definition - A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.

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56
Q

Euphemism

A

Example - “Physically challenged,” in place of “crippled.”

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57
Q

Euphemism

A

Effect on the Text - It replaces the words which are impolite and it is noticeably used in the daily language. Additionally, Euphemism is the idiomatic expression that loses its literal meaning and it is used in the sentences to hide the unpleasantness.

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58
Q

Figurative Language

A

Definiton - “Figurative Language” is the opposite:

writing that is not meant to be taken literally.

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59
Q

Figurative Language

A

Example - some examples include anolgy, hyperbole, and metaphor.

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60
Q

Figurative Language

A

Effect on the Text - cantransform ordinary descriptions into evocative events, enhance the emotional significance of passages, and turn prose into a form of poetry. It can also help the reader to understand the underlying symbolism of a scene or more fully recognize a literary theme.

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61
Q

Analogy

A

Definition - An analogy is a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.

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62
Q

Analogy

A

Example - “America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle.”

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63
Q

Analogy

A

Effect on the Text - serves to draw the reader’s attention to the text and its structure. It is used to slow down processing so that the aesthetics of the text may be more prominent, its goal being the deautomatization of ordinary perception.

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64
Q

Hyperbole

A

Definition - Exaggeration.

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65
Q

Hyperbole

A

Example - “My mother will kill me if I am late.”

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66
Q

Hyperbole

A

Effect on the Text - the intended effect isn’t to deceive the reader, it’s to emphasize the magnitude of something through exaggerated comparison.

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67
Q

Idiom

A

Definiton - A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.

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68
Q

Idiom

A

Example - “I got chewed out by my coach.”

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69
Q

Idiom

A

Effect on the Text - idioms can amplify messages in a way that draws readers in and helps to awaken their senses.

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70
Q

Metaphor

A

Definiton - Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words.

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71
Q

Metaphor

A

Example - “My feet are popsicles.”

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72
Q

Metaphor

A

Effect on the Text - Metaphor expresses nuances for which no standard vocabulary exists, and entices readers to think in abstract ways.

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73
Q

Metonymy

A

Definition - Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.

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74
Q

Metonymy

A

Example - “Relations between London and Washington have been strained,”

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75
Q

Metonymy

A

Effect on the Text - Replacing words and ideas with others that are closely associated with the original words and ideas allows the reader a more profound way of considering the meaning of an image or concept that the writer is trying to convey.

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76
Q

Synecdoche

A

Definiton - A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa.

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77
Q

Synecdoche

A

Example - “The cattle rancher owned 500 head.” “Check out my new wheels.”

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78
Q

Synecdoche

A

Effect on the Text - Often synecdoches can elevate language, making a sentence or phrase sound more interesting or more poetic. Synecdoches can also help the writer create a strong voice for a character or for a narrator.

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79
Q

Simile

A

Definition - Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very
different things.

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80
Q

Simile

A

Example - “He’s mysterious like a ghost.”

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81
Q

Simile

A

Effect on the Text - they will make your text more interesting and engaging to readers, using “like” or “as” as fill ins.

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82
Q

Synesthesia

A

Definiton - a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”

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83
Q

Synesthesia

A

Example - “A purplish scent filled the room.”

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84
Q

Synesthesia

A

Effect on the Text - allows authors to deliver another level of description in literature. Helps readers think more outside the box.

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85
Q

Personification

A

Definition - Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.

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86
Q

Personification

A

Example - “The tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill.”

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87
Q

Personification

A

Effect on the Text - Personification stretches the boundaries of reality to make literature and poetry more vivid.

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88
Q

Foreshadowing

A

Definition - When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.

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89
Q

Foreshadowing

A

Example - In “Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back”, After Luke faced his fears of Darth Vader like Master Yoda told him to do, he sees his own face through the mask of Sith Lord.

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90
Q

Foreshadowing

A

Effect on the Text - if the text foreshadows something, the reader feels prepared for the events when they happen.

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91
Q

Genre

A

Definition - The major category into which a literary work fits.

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92
Q

Genre

A

Example - Some include autobiography, biography, fantasy, and sci-fi.

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93
Q

Genre

A

Effect on the Text - The purpose of the genre label for readers is that it “sets a certain horizon of expectations and offers a key to understanding the text

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94
Q

Gothic

A

Definition - Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.

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95
Q

Gothic

A

Example - The Frankenstein stories are a good example of something gothic.

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96
Q

Gothic

A

Effect on the Text - it shows unexplained phenomenon that darkens the tone of the text.

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97
Q

Imagery

A

Definition - Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind.

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98
Q

Imagery

A

Example - being stuff that helps go along with similies and metaphors.

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99
Q

Imagery

A

Effect on the Text - By using imagery, writers can evoke the feeling they want to talk about in their readers…and by making their readers feel, writers can also help readers connect to the messages in their work.

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100
Q

Invective

A

Definition - A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.

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101
Q

Invective

A

Example - “A knave, a rascal; an eater of broken meats…”

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102
Q

Invective

A

Effect on the Text - Invective is an important literary device in that the insult canarouse negative emotionin the audience as well as the target of the insult.

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103
Q

Irony

A

Definition - When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.

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104
Q

Irony

A

Example - including verbal, dramatic, and situational irony.

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105
Q

Irony

A

Effect on the Text - irony involves using words so the intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning.

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106
Q

Verbal Irony

A

Definition - When you say something and mean the opposite/something different.

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107
Q

Verbal Irony

A

Example - if your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a “walk in the park”

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108
Q

Verbal Irony

A

Effect on the Text - This approach to irony can help the reader gain insight into eachcharacter’spersonality.

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109
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

Definition - When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn’t and would be surprised to find out.

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110
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

Example - When audience knows who the antagonist of the story is, but the character has no clue, and blindy trusts them.

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111
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

Effect on the Text - Dramatic irony can stimulate strong emotions in a reader because the reader knows what awaits a character and may see the character act against his or her own well-being.

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112
Q

Situational Irony

A

Definition - Found in the plot (or story line) of a book, story, or movie.

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113
Q

Situational Irony

A

Example - “Johnny spent two hours planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie. When he finally did manage to sneak inside he found out that kids were admitted free that day”

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114
Q

Situational Irony

A

Effect on the Text - Authors use this device to create a more relatable situation or character within literature. It can also be used to change the tone or mood of a written work.

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115
Q

Juxtaposition

A

Definition - Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison.

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116
Q

Juxtaposition

A

Example - Having two kids compare the other clothing to see which has the best outfit.

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117
Q

Juxtaposition

A

Effect on the Text - Juxtaposition can have the effect of absurdity or humor, or create a link between elements and images that appear unrelated until they are paired.

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118
Q

Mood

A

Definition - The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (diction).

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119
Q

Mood

A

Example - In “Star Wars: Return of the Jedi”, The Stormtroopers massacre the Ewoks effortlessly one by one.

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120
Q

Mood

A

Effect on the Text - allows readers to experience emotion and connection within a story, making the literary work more meaningful and memorable.

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121
Q

Motif

A

Definition - a recurring idea in a piece of literature.

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122
Q

Motif

A

Example - In To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that “you never really understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view” is a motif

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123
Q

Motif

A

Effect on the Text - A motif generally reinforces the theme of the text. A motif must be repeated throughout a text to be considered a motif.

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124
Q

Oxymoron

A

Definition - When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox – “wise
fool,” “eloquent silence,” “jumbo shrimp

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125
Q

Oxymoron

A

Example - “wise

fool,” “eloquent silence,” “jumbo shrimp

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126
Q

Oxymoron

A

Effect on the Text - By using an oxymoron, the author adds an element of complexity and encourages the reader to think deeply about a particular idea.

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127
Q

Pacing

A

Definition - The speed or tempo of an author’s writing.

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128
Q

Pacing

A

Example - examples using syntax, polysyndeton, anaphora, and meter are used to speed up the pace.

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129
Q

Pacing

A

Effect on the Text - both paces fast and slow, being used cooperatively together to help the text.

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130
Q

Paradox

A

Definition - A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.

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131
Q

Paradox

A

Example - “You can’t get a job without

experience, and you can’t get experience without getting a job.”

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132
Q

Paradox

A

Effect on the Text - When a reader looks at a paradox, they look over the idea in a more innovative way. When a reader sees a paradox, think of it as a “Huh, that’s interesting” moment.

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133
Q

Parallelism

A

Definition - Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.

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134
Q

Parallelism

A

Example - “Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs.”

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135
Q

Parallelism

A

Effect on the Text - Its repetitive quality makes the sentence or sentences symmetrical and therefore very memorable for the reader.

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136
Q

Anaphora

A

Definition - Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row.

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137
Q

Anaphora

A

Example - “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

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138
Q

Anaphora

A

Effect on the Text - Anaphora serves the purpose of delivering an artistic effect to a passage.

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139
Q

Chiasmus

A

Definition - When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of
the words is reversed.

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140
Q

Chiasmus

A

Example - “Fair is foul and foul is fair.”

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141
Q

Chiasmus

A

Effect on the Text - It’s usedto reiterate concepts, to condense a complex idea to a manageable size, and to draw connections between contrasting ideas.

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142
Q

Antithesis

A

Definition - Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel
structure.

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143
Q

Antithesis

A

Example - It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”

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144
Q

Antithesis

A

Effect on the Text - When used correctly, antithesis highlights the stark difference between opposing ideas by placing them side-by-side in exactly the same structure.

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145
Q

Zuegma(Syllepsis)

A

Definition - When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.

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146
Q

Zuegma(Syllepsis)

A

Example - “I quickly dressed myself and the salad.”

147
Q

Zuegma(Syllepsis)

A

Effect on the Text - if used correctly, it adds flavor to literary texts as it helps produce a dramatic effect, which could possibly be shocking in its result.

148
Q

Parenthetical Idea

A

Definition - Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.

149
Q

Parenthetical Idea

A

Example - “In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the gallon) America will be out of oil.”

150
Q

Parenthetical Idea

A

Effect on the Text - Parentheses communicate to readers that the material inside the parentheses is not necessary to understand the main sentence, nor is it part of the grammar of the main sentence, but is pertinent enough to be included.

151
Q

Parody

A

Definition - An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.

152
Q

Parody

A

Example - YouTubers make loads of parodies of movies, shows, books, and comics.

153
Q

Parody

A

Effect on the Text - This humor usually takes in the place of a satire and uses over exaggeration to achieve this effect.

154
Q

Persona

A

Definition - The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.

155
Q

Persona

A

Example - Alfred Prufrock.” Another unique persona is the un-named femal narrator of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story “The Yellow Wallpaper.”

156
Q

Persona

A

Effect on the Text - it change the expression, making it more artistic.

157
Q

Poetic Device

A

Definition - A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.

158
Q

Poetic Device

A

Example - some include Alliteration or onomatopoeia

159
Q

Poetic Device

A

Effect on the Text - it effects it by enhancing the flow of the poems.

160
Q

Alliteration

A

Definition - The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.

161
Q

Alliteration

A

Example - “Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore”

162
Q

Alliteration

A

Effect on the Text - The sound of alliteration can help create the mood or tone of a poem or piece of prose.

163
Q

Assonance

A

Definition - The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.

164
Q

Assonance

A

Example - “From the molten-golden notes”

165
Q

Assonance

A

Effect on the Text - It helps to embed a set of words within the mind of whoever is hearing them.

166
Q

Consonance

A

Definition - The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.

167
Q

Consonance

A

Example - “Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

168
Q

Consonance

A

Effect on the Text - In both poetry and prose, consonance cangive language a musical element, as well as emphasize sounds or words that resonate with the main ideas or themes of the work.

169
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Definition - The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.

170
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Example - Snap, rustle, boom, murmur

171
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Effect on the Text - It can add excitement, action, and interest by allowing the reader to hear and remember your writing.

172
Q

Internal Rhyme

A

Definition - When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.

173
Q

Internal Rhyme

A

Example - “To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!”

174
Q

Internal Rhyme

A

Effect on the Text - Function of an internal rhyme is to heighten the poem’s effect and make the poem more unified with a rhyming aspect within

175
Q

Slant Rhyme

A

Definition - When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly – they are merely similar.

176
Q

Slant Rhyme

A

Example - “I sat upon a stone, / And found my life has gone.”

177
Q

Slant Rhyme

A

Effect on the Text - Using a slant rhyme insteadcatches the reader by surprise and subverts their expectations, delivering a satisfyingly unexpected twist. Slant rhymes allow for more creative word choice.

178
Q

End Rhyme

A

Definition - When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.

179
Q

End Rhyme

A

Example - “Roses are red, violets are blue, / Sugar is sweet, and so are you.”

180
Q

End Rhyme

A

Effect on the Text - End rhymes make it easy for readers to remember and recite poetry.

181
Q

Rhyme Scheme

A

Definition - The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.

182
Q

Rhyme Scheme

A

Example -
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? a
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May a
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. b
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines c
And often is his gold complexion dimmed d
And every fair from fair sometime declines c
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed d

183
Q

Rhyme Scheme

A

Effect on the Text - Rhyme scheme moves the poem smoothly and adds substance to the words. It can affect the mood and add appeal to the poem.

184
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

Definition - In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllable(s).

185
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

Example - . In the name “Nathan,” the first syllable is stressed. In the word “unhappiness,” the second of the four syllables is stressed.

186
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

Effect on the Text - it changes the pitch of the words.

187
Q

Meter

A

Definition - A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.

188
Q

Meter

A

Example - Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

189
Q

Meter

A

Effect on the Text - it helps readers understand rhythm as it relates to words and lines in a poem.

190
Q

Free Verse

A

Definition - Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.

191
Q

Free Verse

A

Example - Singing random gibberish is a example of that

192
Q

Free Verse

A

Effect on the Text - Free verse opens up a realm of possibilities by freeing a poem from formal constraints.

193
Q

Iambic Pentameter

A

Definition - Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.

194
Q

Iambic Pentameter

A

Example - “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

195
Q

Iambic Pentameter

A

Effect on the Text - Iambic pentameter carries a hum-drum, repetitive rhythm. Contrasted with shorter, unpredictable lines, you can create themes of boredom versus excitement, stability versus chaos, and so on.

196
Q

Sonnet

A

Definition - A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.

197
Q

Sonnet

A

Example - “Death be not proud.” —John Donne. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” William Shakespeare. “i carry your heart with me(i carry it in / my heart)” —e.e. cummings.

198
Q

Sonnet

A

Effect on the Text - The more or less set rhyme patterns occurring regularly within the short space of fourteen lines afford a pleasant effect on the ear of the reader, and can Create truly musical effects.

199
Q

Polysyndeton

A

Definition - When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.

200
Q

Polysyndeton

A

Example - “I walked the dog, and fed

the cat, and milked the cows.”

201
Q

Polysnydenton

A

Effect on the Text - The primary effect of polysyndeton is to slow readers down so they can take in all the information.

202
Q

Pun

A

Definition - When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.

203
Q

Pun

A

Example - “My dog has a fur coat

and pants!”

204
Q

Pun

A

Effect on the Text - the text may look unusual, but its usef for sound to compare words that would normally be used.

205
Q

Rhetoric

A

Definition - The art of effective communication.

206
Q

Rhetoric

A

Example - How did this idiot get elected? – A rhetorical question to convince others that the “idiot” does not deserve to be elected.

207
Q

Rhetoric

A

Effect on the Text - The primary effect of polysyndeton is to slow readers down so they can take in all the information.

208
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

Definition - The relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the subject.

209
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

Example - “The angry parent asked the child, ‘Are you finished interrupting me?’”

210
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

Effect on the Text - the text is affected and allows it to be used to sway the reader.

211
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

Definition - Question not asked for information but for effect.

212
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

Example - “The angry parent asked the child, ‘Are you finished interrupting me?’”

213
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

Effect on the Text - Rhetorical questions are a useful technique in persuasive writing. As there is nobody to answer the question, a rhetorical question is usually designed to speak directly to the reader.

214
Q

Romanticism

A

Definition - Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the world, and an emphasis on nature.

215
Q

Romanticism

A

Example - a poem titled “A Poision Tree” is a example.

216
Q

Romanticism

A

Effect on the Text - As mode of thinking, romanticism revolutionized literature, religion and philosophy. It questioned the settled way of thinking which had widely spread with the age of Enlightenment : the age that gave priority to reason, and preference to ideas.

217
Q

Sarcasm

A

Definition - A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded.

218
Q

Sarcasm

A

Example - “Oh no! There’s a invisible wall in my way. Oh whatever shall I do?”

219
Q

Sarcasm

A

Effect on the Text - As a form of communication, sarcasm takes on the debt of conflict.

220
Q

Satire

A

Definition - A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect.

221
Q

Satire

A

Example - George Orwell’s famous 1945 novel “Animal Farm” is a good example of Juvenalian satire.

222
Q

Satire

A

Effect on the Text - Satire uses irony, often in a humorous way, to point out the problems with the behavior being critiqued.

223
Q

Sentence

A

Definition - A sentence is group of words (including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.

224
Q

Sentence

A

Example - “The Tortoise beated the Hare, since he crossed the finish line first.”

225
Q

Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - The structure affects the meaning of the story by organizing the theme of the writing.

226
Q

Appositive

A

Definition - A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its
meaning.

227
Q

Appositive

A

Example - “Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city.”

228
Q

Appositive

A

Effect on the Text - An appositive noun also defines, explains, and clarifies the meaning of a sentence.

229
Q

Clause

A

Definition - A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.

230
Q

Clause

A

Example - “Other than baseball, football is my favorite sport.” In this sentence, the independent clause is “football is my favorite sport” and the dependent clause is “Other than baseball.”

231
Q

Clause

A

Effect on the Text - it helps other phrases join together.

232
Q

Balanced Sentence

A

Definition - A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale.

233
Q

Balanced Sentence

A

Example - “If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”

234
Q

Balanced Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - Writers use balanced sentences to emphasize particular ideas to make meanings clear, as well as to create pleasing rhythms.

235
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Definition - Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.

236
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Example - “This house is too expensive, and that house is too small.”

237
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - Compound sentences can make someone’s writing rich and colorful.

238
Q

Complex Sentence

A

Definition - Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

239
Q

Complex Sentence

A

Example - “Whenever he was lonely, Lance called his mother.”

240
Q

Complex Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - Complex sentences can force the reader to focus on one part of a sentence (one idea) rather than another part of a sentence.

241
Q

Cumulative Sentence

A

Definition - (also called a loose sentence) When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.

242
Q

Cumulative Sentence

A

Example - “He doubted whether he could ever

again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration.”

243
Q

Cumulatove Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - Cumulative sentences give an informal, conversational, and relaxed feeling to a work of art.

244
Q

Periodic Sentence

A

Definition - When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.

245
Q

Periodic Sentence

A

Example - “His confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience.”

246
Q

Periodic Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - It can also create suspense or interest for the reader.

247
Q

Simple Sentence

A

Definition - Contains only one independent clause.

248
Q

Simple Sentence

A

Example - “The cat meowed.”

249
Q

Simple Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - simple sentences or truncated sentencescan create tension, haste or urgency.

250
Q

Declarative Sentence

A

Definition - States an idea. It does not give a command or request, nor does it ask a question.

251
Q

Declarative Sentence

A

Example - “The ball is round.”

252
Q

Declarative Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - A declarative sentence states the facts or an opinion and lets the reader know something specific. It always ends with a period.

253
Q

Imperative Sentence

A

Definition - Issues a command.

254
Q

Imperative Sentence

A

Example - “Kick the ball.”

255
Q

Imperative Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - it effects it by giving a more demanding tone.

256
Q

Interrogative Sentence

A

Definition - Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose).

257
Q

Interrogative Sentence

A

Example - “To whom did you kick the ball?”

258
Q

Interrogative Sentence

A

Effect on the Text - interrogative sentences force the reader to think about what you have written.

259
Q

Style

A

Definition - The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes.

260
Q

Style

A

Example - descriptive and poetic are some examples.

261
Q

Style

A

Effect on the Text - As the package for the meaning of the text, style influences the reader’s impression of the information itself.

262
Q

Symbol

A

Definition - Anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete such as an object, actions, character…that represents something more abstract.

263
Q

Symbol

A

Example - the Whale in Moby Dick, the river and the jungle in Heart of Darkness, and the Raven in “The Raven.”

264
Q

Symbol

A

Effect on the Text - symbolismallows a writer to convey something to their audience in a poetic way instead of saying it outright.

265
Q

Syntax/Sentence Variety

A

Definition - Grammatical arrangement of words.

266
Q

Syntax/Sentence Variety

A

Example - “The boy ran hurriedly,”

267
Q

Syntax/Sentence Variety

A

Effect on the Text - the tone, atmosphere, and meaning of the sentence. It can make something sound more formal.

268
Q

Theme

A

Definition - The central idea or message of a work.

269
Q

Theme

A

Example - “Not everyone is walking the same path as eachother”

270
Q

Theme

A

Effect on the Text - theme allows readers to relate to the characters and their struggles – and to feel invested in the outcome.

271
Q

Thesis

A

Definition - The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.

272
Q

Thesis

A

Example - In Willa Cather’s short story, “Paul’s Case,” Paul exhibits suicidal behavior that a caring adult might have recognized and remedied had that adult had the scientific knowledge we have today.

273
Q

Thesis

A

Effect on the Text - It summarizes the conclusions that the writer has reached about the topic.

274
Q

Tone

A

Definition - A writer’s attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and organization.

275
Q

Tone

A

Example - It can be joyful, serious, humorous, sad, threatening, formal, informal, pessimistic, and optimistic.

276
Q

Tone

A

Effect on the Text - Ultimately, the tone of a message is a reflection of the writer and it does affect how the reader will perceive the message.

277
Q

Understatement

A

Definition - The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is.

278
Q

Understatement

A

Example - “Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter.”

279
Q

Understatement

A

Effect on the Text - An understatement plays with the reader’s expectations — downplaying a situation when the reader might imagine a more intense response.

280
Q

Litotes

A

Definition - a particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement which otherwise would be used.

281
Q

Litotes

A

Example - “Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn’t do your car any good”, or becomes an intensifying expression “The flavors of the mushrooms, herbs, and spices combine to make the dish not at all disagreeable”.

282
Q

Litotes

A

Effect on the Text - Litotes also allows the speaker or writer to effectively communicate in an atypical way.

283
Q

Argument

A

Definition - An argument is a piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion.

284
Q

Argument

A

Example - “All Spam is pink”

285
Q

Argument

A

Effect on the Text - it attracts the reader’s focus to an issue that will be made clear gradually.

286
Q

Premises

A

Definition - Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.

287
Q

Premises

A

Example - “The game was won on the premise that the home team had been out of bounds.” The letter was capitalized on the premise that it was a proper noun.

288
Q

Premises

A

Effect on the Text - It is the most basic foundation of a writer’s work—in fiction, it supports the plot; in non fiction, its role is to support the information and/or research that will be presented.

289
Q

Conclusion

A

Definition - A conclusion is the end result of the argument – the main point being made.

290
Q

Conclusion

A

Example - When you write a paper, you always end by summing up your arguments and drawing a conclusion about what you’ve been writing about.

291
Q

Conclusion

A

Effect on the Text - it provides closure for the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance of the paper.

292
Q

Aristotle’s Appeals

A

Definition - The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else’s.

293
Q

Aristotle’s Appeals

A

Example - Ethos, pathos, and logos are examples of that.

294
Q

Aristotle’s Appeals

A

Effect on the Text - This makes any opposition to the writer’s point of view appear conse- quently illogical, therefore encouraging the reader to reject it.

295
Q

Ethos

A

Definition - means being convinced by the credibility of the author.

296
Q

Ethos

A

Example - A commercial about a specific brand of toothpaste says that 4 out of 5 dentists use it.

297
Q

Ethos

A

Effect on the Text - Ethos appeals to the writer’s character.

298
Q

Pathos

A

Definition - means persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions.

299
Q

Pathos

A

Example - In his poem, Auden relies on pathos as a literary device to evoke feelings of grief and inspire sympathy in the reader.

300
Q

Pathos

A

Effect on the Text - Authors make deliberate word choices, use meaningful language, and use examples and stories that evoke emotion.

301
Q

Logos

A

Definition - means persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid arguments.

302
Q

Logos

A

Example - can be found in argumentative writing and persuasive arguments, in addition to literature and poetry.

303
Q

Logos

A

Effect on the Text - logos can be defined as a writer’s or speaker’s attempt to appeal to the logic or reason of their audience.

304
Q

Concession

A

Definition - Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint.

305
Q

Concession

A

Example - A teenager arguing to her parents that she needs a cell phone makes the following concession: I know that you think I will just use the phone to text during class and call friends instead of doing homework.

306
Q

Concession

A

Effect on the Text - the speaker or writer lets readers know that he or she has considered the other side of the argument and understands it.

307
Q

Conditional Statement

A

Definition - A conditional statement is an if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a consequent.

308
Q

Conditional Statement

A

Example - “If you studied hard, then you will pass the test.”

309
Q

Conditional Statement

A

Effect on the Text - it shows more possible pathways.

310
Q

Contradiction

A

Definition - A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions.

311
Q

Contradiction

A

Example - “Abortion is wrong and abortion is not wrong.”

312
Q

Contradiction

A

Effect on the Text - As a literary device, oxymoron has the effect of creating an impression, enhancing a concept, and even entertaining the reader.

313
Q

Counterexample

A

Definition - A counterexample is an example that runs counter to (opposes) a generalization, thus falsifying it.

314
Q

Counterexample

A

Example - consider the proposition “all students are lazy”. … Thus, any hard-working student is a counterexample to “all students are lazy”.

315
Q

Counterexample

A

Effect on the Text - By using counterexamples to show that certain conjectures are false, mathematical researchers can then avoid going down blind alleys and learn to modify conjectures to produce provable theorems.

316
Q

Deductive Argument

A

Definition - An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion.

317
Q

Deductive Argument

A

Example - “All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal.”

318
Q

Deductive Argument

A

Effect on the Text - a conclusion follows inescapably from one or more of the premises. If the premises are true, then the conclusion drawn is valid.

319
Q

Fallacy

A

Definition - A fallacy is an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning.

320
Q

Fallacy

A

Example - some include ad hominem, bad analogy, and appeal to emotion.

321
Q

Fallacy

A

Effect on the Text - Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.

322
Q

Ad Hominem

A

Definition - Personally attacking your opponents instead of their arguments. It is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, feeling rather than intellect.

323
Q

Ad Hominem

A

Example - “You’re too short to have anything to say.”

324
Q

Ad Hominem

A

Effect on the Text - This can be very persuasive because it evokes an emotional response in the reader

325
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

Definition - The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be
right. This fallacy is often used in advertising.

326
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

Example - Advertising is often used.

327
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

Effect on the Text - Instead of presenting actual evidence, the argument just relies on the credibility of the “authority.”

328
Q

Appeal to the Bandwagon

A

Definition - The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or used to believe it, or do it.

329
Q

Appeal to the Bandwagon

A

Example - “Kyrie Irving is a flat-earther, so that means it must be true!”

330
Q

Appeal to the Bandwagon

A

Effect on the Text - The idea of the Bandwagon Appeal is to make people feel like they’re missing out or falling behind if they don’t join the crowd and be a part of the trend.

331
Q

Appeal to Emotion

A

Definition - An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions.

332
Q

Appeal to Emotion

A

Example - Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech can be one.

333
Q

Appeal to Emotion

A

Effect on the Text - encourage the audience to identify with your message on a visceral level,

334
Q

Bad Analogy

A

Definition - Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t.

335
Q

Bad Analogy

A

Example - “We have pure food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can’t we have laws to keep musicians from giving us filth for the mind?”

336
Q

Bad Analogy

A

Effect on the Text - it can damage the argument of the text.

337
Q

Cliche Thinking

A

Definition - Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no exceptions.

338
Q

Cliche Thinking

A

Example - “I say: ‘America: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”

339
Q

Cliche Thinking

A

Effect on the Text - They usually contribute nothing to the message you are trying to convey and will be viewed, by the reader, simply as padding.

340
Q

False Cause

A

Definition - Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.

341
Q

False Cause

A

Example - “Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons. Therefore women’s suffrage must have led to nuclear weapons.”

342
Q

False Cause

A

Effect on the Text - makes the text very questioning.

343
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

Definition - A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data.

344
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

Example - “My uncle didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as
well as those who do.”

345
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

Effect on the Text - It is basically making a claim based on evidence that it just too small. Making the text feel rushed out.

346
Q

Non Sequitur

A

Definition - A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.

347
Q

Non Sequitur

A

Example - “Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest religions. Hinduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the principles of Hinduism must be true.”

348
Q

Non Sequitur

A

Effect on the Text - to heighten the comedic elements of a literary work, especially in theatrical plays and humorous writing.

349
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Definition - The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme possible outcome.

350
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Example - “If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”

351
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Effect on the Text - a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect.

352
Q

Inductive Argument

A

Definition - An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth of the conclusion.

353
Q

Inductive Argument

A

Example - A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bag are black.”

354
Q

Inductive Argument

A

Effect on the Text - In an inductive argument, a rhetor (that is, a speaker or writer) collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.

355
Q

Sound Argument

A

Definition - A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.

356
Q

Sound Argument

A

Example - All toasters are items made of gold. All items made of gold are time-travel devices. Therefore, all toasters are time-travel devices.

357
Q

Sounds Argument

A

Effect on the Text - In other words, the premises are true and the conclusion necessarily follows from them, making the conclusion true as well.

358
Q

Unstated Premises

A

Definition - Not every argument is fully expressed. Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left
unexpressed.

359
Q

Unstated Premises

A

Example - Socrates is a human. If Socrates is a human, then Socrates is mortal. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

360
Q

Unstated Premises

A

Effect on the Text - Unstated premises are premises that a deductive argument requires, but are not explicitly stated.

361
Q

Valid Argument

A

Definition - An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

362
Q

Valid Argument

A

Example - Either Elizabeth owns a Honda or she owns a Saturn.
Elizabeth does not own a Honda
Therefore, Elizabeth owns a Saturn.

363
Q

Valid Argument

A

Effect on the Text - an argument that attempts to establish conclusive support for its conclusion.

AP Language (1 decks)

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