Ap human unit 5 test Flashcards
What is the goal of fair trade
To ensure fair wages and working conditions for farmers/workers in LDC
Focus on small scale sustainable farming
Tries to reduce exploitation by large corporations
Products tend to be more expensive
Why do core countries find infrastructure in periphery countries?
To access raw materials more easily, to create markets for exports, political or humanitarian goals, sometimes tied to neocolonialism, debt for nature swap
Examples of terracing
Rice paddies in Southeast Asia, Incan terraces in the Andes
Benefits of terracing
Reduces erosion, manages water flow, uses previously unusable space in a conservative and efficient manner
Impacts of global food insecurity
Malnutrition, starvation, political instability/conflict, migration (rural -> urban or international)
Challenges women face in agriculture
Lack of land ownership rights, less access to credit and technology, gender based division of labor, underrepresented in leadership roles
Benefits of empowering women in agriculture
Increases food production, reduces hunger, helps entire families and communities, encourages sustainability
Mediterranean agriculture
Grown in coastal regions with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters
Region
Southern Europe, California
Crops
Grapes, olives, citrus, avocados, wine
Fun fact
Often associated with horticulture (the art or practice of garden cultivation and management).
Goal of Hybridization
Combine traits from two or more crops/animals to improve:
Yield
Disease resistance
Drought tolerance(common in green revolution)
Others Mediterranean
Goats, sheep
When Did the Government Begin Farm Subsidies?
1930s during the Great Depression (U.S. New Deal)
Purpose of farm subsidies
stabilize prices, support farmers
Why farm subsidies still exist
paid to grow (or not grow) crops
Problem with Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
Used in shifting cultivation (tropics
Burning forest → nutrients into soil
Over time: soil depletes, forest loss
Not sustainable at large scale → deforestation, CO₂ emissions
1Food Supply System Chart Inputs
seeds, fertilizer
2Food Supply System Chart production
Farms
3Food Supply System Chart processing
Factories (eg tyson)
4 food Supply System Chart distribution
shipping, trucking
5 Retail
grocery stores
6 Consumption
Consumers
Growth of Agribusiness in the 20th Century
Mechanization: tractors, combines
Chemical inputs: fertilizers, pesticides
GMOs: genetically modified crops
Vertical integration: companies control all stages from farm to table
Global food network
Factors Contributing to 1st Agricultural Revolution
Domestication of plants/animals
Sedentary living → permanent settlements
Surplus food → population growth → civilization
Started about 10,000 years ago
Columbian Exchange From Old World → New World
Horses, cattle, sugar, wheat
Columbian Exchange From new World → old World
Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco
Columbian Exchange Impacts
Spread agriculture globally, altered diets, population growth, and ecosystems.
Location of First Domesticated Plants and Animals
Fertile Crescent (SW Asia): wheat, barley, sheep, goats
East Asia: rice, pigs
Mesoamerica: maize (corn), beans
Sub-Saharan Africa: yams, sorghum
Andes: potatoes, llamas
SE Asia: taro, chickens
Fertile Crescent and Southeast Asia is the answer. Just know things domesticated from each
Drawbacks of Monocropping
Soil depletion (no nutrient diversity
Higher risk of pests/diseases (less biodiversity
Dependency on fertilizers/pesticides
Vulnerability to price changes
Examples of Intensive
Substicence: peripheral countries, rice farming
Commercial: core countries
Extensive examples
Subsistence: gardening vegetables, ranching
Commercial:
Ranching
How Does Topography Affect Agriculture 1
Topography = landform shape
Flat land → easier to use machines → commercial farming
Hills → require techniques like terracing
Mountains → impact climate via elevation (see #3)
Floodplains → fertile soil (e.g., Nile River
Reasons for growth of agribusiness in 20th century
Efficiency, number 24
Reasons for global food insecurity
Distribution issues
Prices of transportation
Capitalism
Misuse of product resources
Using crops to feed livestock instead of people
Lack of money or resources
Climate fluctuations
Suburbanization
How does topography affect agriculture 2
Distance from the equator = less growing season
Higher the elevation = less growing season
Slope = runoff, erosion risks and exposure to the sun
