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Los verbos con cambios > AP Human, unit 5,6,7 > Flashcards

AP Human, unit 5,6,7 Flashcards

1
Q

Agriculture

A

purposeful cultivation of plant for raising animals to produce goods for survival

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2
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

when farmers grow food and raise livestock for survival and their family’s consumption

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3
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

when farmers grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers

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4
Q

Bid-Rent Theory

A

explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land

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5
Q

Intensive Agriculture

A

system of cultivation using large amounts of labor and capital relative to an area

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6
Q

Monoculture

A

the agriculture system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

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7
Q

Plantation Agriculture

A

large scale commercial farming of one crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

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8
Q

Extensive Agriculture

A

system of cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to the area being farmed

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9
Q

Domestication

A

effort to grow plants and animals, making them adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics

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10
Q

GMOs(genetically modified organism)

A

plant or animal in which one or more changes have been made to their genome

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11
Q

Infrastructure

A

basic structure of services needed to support agricultural and industrial economic development

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12
Q

Dual Agricultural Economy

A

an economy with two agricultural sectors that have differents levels of technology and patterns of demand

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13
Q

Agribusiness

A

economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes

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14
Q

Vertical Integration

A

a single entity controls the entire process of a product

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15
Q

Tariffs

A

taxes on items leaving or entering a country

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16
Q

Cash Crop

A

crop made specifically to be sold to make as much money as possible

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17
Q

Deforestation

A

destruction of forests by human means

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18
Q

Agricultural Landscapes

A

the land that is farmed on and where people choose to put their fields

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19
Q

Reservoirs

A

common source of irrigation, such as lakes

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20
Q

Aquifers

A

large underground area of permeable rock that contains or allows water to pass through

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21
Q

Salinization

A

when soil in an arid climate is made available for agricultural production using irrigation

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22
Q

Debt-For-Nature Swap

A

purchasing foreign debt, turning that debt into local currency, and using the proceeds to fund conservation activities

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23
Q

Biotechnology

A

technology that uses living organisms to modify products, plants, or animals and develop microorganisms for the purposes

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24
Q

Precision Agriculture

A

farming management concept that uses technology to observe, measure, and respond to variability in crops

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25
Q

Food Insecurity

A

not having access to nutritional meals

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26
Q

Food Security

A

availability to nutritious, sufficient, and safe food

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27
Q

Economy of Scale

A

the reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases

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28
Q

mixed crop and livestock systems

A

agricultural systems that involve the production of crops and livestock on the same land

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29
Q

genetically modified organism (GMO)-

A

Crops whos genetic makeup had been altered to encourage positive traits and eliminate negative ones

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30
Q

First Agricultural Revolution

A

shift from nomadic gathering lifestyle to settled farming community

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31
Q

Third Agricultural Revolution

A

-hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides

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32
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

technological and social innovation in agriculture, introduction to new technologies and techniques that increased crop yields (20th century)

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33
Q

fair trade

A

concept used in developing countries to create sustainability

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34
Q

market gardening

A

Smale scale production of fruits and vegetables sold as cash crops directly to local consumers

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35
Q

Transhumance

A

seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

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36
Q

Mixed-Use Development (MUD)

A

-planning and construction of buildings that combine a variety of residential and commercial uses in one space

37
Q

Transportation-Oriented Development

A

planning and construction of communities in greater density around or close to public transport stations

38
Q

Smart-Growth Policies

A

urban planning strategies that promote sustainable and balanced development, focusing on compact, mixed-use communities with accessible transportation options

39
Q

New Urbanism

A

seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area

40
Q

Slow Growth Cities

A

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl

41
Q

Blockbusting

A

real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

42
Q

Redlining

A

financial institutions and other organizations deny or limit financial services, insurance, or other resources to residents of certain areas

43
Q

Filtering

A

process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment

44
Q

Zones of Abandonment

A

lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties to become abandoned, extending even to entire neighborhoods

45
Q

Eminent Domain urban Area

A

The authority of a government to take private property when doing so serves the publics interests

46
Q

Metropolitan Area

A

all the areas surrounding a city that can be said to have a high-level of economic or social integration with the city

47
Q

Urban Sprawl

A

the expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land

48
Q

Edge City

A

city that has arisen very recently in a comparatively short space of time

49
Q

Boomburg

A

a suburban area experiencing significant growth in population and prosperity

50
Q

Exurb

A

residential, prosperous, but rural areas beyond the suburbs

51
Q

Infill

A

process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land

52
Q

Range

A

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to get a product or service

53
Q

Threshold

A

The minimum number of people needed to meet the needs of an industry

54
Q

Megacity

A

an urban or metropolitan area which has a population over 10 million people

55
Q

Metacity

A

urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size

56
Q

Agglomeration

A

occurs when many different companies, within the same industry, set up their offices in the same area

57
Q

Break-of-Bulk Point

A

A break-of-bulk point is a location where the transfer of goods from one mode of transportation to another takes place

58
Q

Bulk-Reducing Industry

A

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs

59
Q

Bulk-Gaining Industry

A

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs

59
Q

Dual Economies

A

the existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand

60
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

a total accounting of a nation’s output, including all expenditures, revenues, and profits

61
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

62
Q

Least-Cost Theory

A

suggests that all major corporations make their decisions about where to house their production and manufacturing facilities based on the least possible combination of costs

63
Q

Primary Sector

A

jobs directly related to the extraction of the Earth’s natural resources

64
Q

Quaternary Sector

A

the industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development

65
Q

Quinary Sector

A

the highest level of economic activity, which involves the decision-making and policy-making that drives the other sectors of the economy

66
Q

Raw Materials

A

Unprocessed natural products used in production

67
Q

Secondary Sector

A

the part of the economy involved in manufacturing and processing raw materials obtained from primary sectors into finished products

68
Q

Tertiary Sector

A

anything that has to do with the sale or exchange of goods

69
Q

Commodity Dependence

A

When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more-developed countries that export higher-value goods

70
Q

Dependency Theory

A

holds that LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and technologies from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure

71
Q

Formal Sector

A

the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country’s citizens in a year, divided by the country’s population

72
Q

Gender Development Index (GDI)

A

measuresgender inequalities in the achievement of keydimensions of human development

73
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

a composite metric of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market

74
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and businesses

75
Q

Gross National Product (GNP)

A

the total monetary value, in US dollars, of all the goods, services, and investments produced by a country in a year

76
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita

77
Q

Informal Sector

A

those workers who are self employed, or who work for those who are self employed

78
Q

Labor-Market Participation (LMP)

A

rate that measures an economy’s active labor force, calculated by taking the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age of the population

79
Q

Microloan

A

small loans provided to individuals or small businesses

80
Q

Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

A

areas found in many regions of the developing world

81
Q

Fordism

A

The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods

82
Q

Free Trade Zone (FTZ)

A

allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods

83
Q

Just-in-Time Delivery

A

Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed

84
Q

Multiplier Effect

A

Describes the expansion of an area’s economic base as a result of the basic and non-basic industries located there

85
Q

Neoliberalism

A

economic policies that promote free market principles, such as deregulation , liberalization , and privatization

86
Q

Offshore Outsourcing

A

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

87
Q

Post-Fordism

A

world economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced

88
Q

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

A

specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment

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