AP Human, unit 5,6,7 Flashcards
Agriculture
purposeful cultivation of plant for raising animals to produce goods for survival
Subsistence Agriculture
when farmers grow food and raise livestock for survival and their family’s consumption
Commercial Agriculture
when farmers grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers
Bid-Rent Theory
explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land
Intensive Agriculture
system of cultivation using large amounts of labor and capital relative to an area
Monoculture
the agriculture system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually
Plantation Agriculture
large scale commercial farming of one crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation
Extensive Agriculture
system of cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to the area being farmed
Domestication
effort to grow plants and animals, making them adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics
GMOs(genetically modified organism)
plant or animal in which one or more changes have been made to their genome
Infrastructure
basic structure of services needed to support agricultural and industrial economic development
Dual Agricultural Economy
an economy with two agricultural sectors that have differents levels of technology and patterns of demand
Agribusiness
economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes
Vertical Integration
a single entity controls the entire process of a product
Tariffs
taxes on items leaving or entering a country
Cash Crop
crop made specifically to be sold to make as much money as possible
Deforestation
destruction of forests by human means
Agricultural Landscapes
the land that is farmed on and where people choose to put their fields
Reservoirs
common source of irrigation, such as lakes
Aquifers
large underground area of permeable rock that contains or allows water to pass through
Salinization
when soil in an arid climate is made available for agricultural production using irrigation
Debt-For-Nature Swap
purchasing foreign debt, turning that debt into local currency, and using the proceeds to fund conservation activities
Biotechnology
technology that uses living organisms to modify products, plants, or animals and develop microorganisms for the purposes
Precision Agriculture
farming management concept that uses technology to observe, measure, and respond to variability in crops
Food Insecurity
not having access to nutritional meals
Food Security
availability to nutritious, sufficient, and safe food
Economy of Scale
the reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases
mixed crop and livestock systems
agricultural systems that involve the production of crops and livestock on the same land
genetically modified organism (GMO)-
Crops whos genetic makeup had been altered to encourage positive traits and eliminate negative ones
First Agricultural Revolution
shift from nomadic gathering lifestyle to settled farming community
Third Agricultural Revolution
-hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides
Second Agricultural Revolution
technological and social innovation in agriculture, introduction to new technologies and techniques that increased crop yields (20th century)
fair trade
concept used in developing countries to create sustainability
market gardening
Smale scale production of fruits and vegetables sold as cash crops directly to local consumers
Transhumance
seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
Mixed-Use Development (MUD)
-planning and construction of buildings that combine a variety of residential and commercial uses in one space
Transportation-Oriented Development
planning and construction of communities in greater density around or close to public transport stations
Smart-Growth Policies
urban planning strategies that promote sustainable and balanced development, focusing on compact, mixed-use communities with accessible transportation options
New Urbanism
seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area
Slow Growth Cities
urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl
Blockbusting
real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
Redlining
financial institutions and other organizations deny or limit financial services, insurance, or other resources to residents of certain areas
Filtering
process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment
Zones of Abandonment
lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties to become abandoned, extending even to entire neighborhoods
Eminent Domain urban Area
The authority of a government to take private property when doing so serves the publics interests
Metropolitan Area
all the areas surrounding a city that can be said to have a high-level of economic or social integration with the city
Urban Sprawl
the expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land
Edge City
city that has arisen very recently in a comparatively short space of time
Boomburg
a suburban area experiencing significant growth in population and prosperity
Exurb
residential, prosperous, but rural areas beyond the suburbs
Infill
process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land
Range
the maximum distance people are willing to travel to get a product or service
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to meet the needs of an industry
Megacity
an urban or metropolitan area which has a population over 10 million people
Metacity
urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size
Agglomeration
occurs when many different companies, within the same industry, set up their offices in the same area
Break-of-Bulk Point
A break-of-bulk point is a location where the transfer of goods from one mode of transportation to another takes place
Bulk-Reducing Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs
Bulk-Gaining Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs
Dual Economies
the existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
a total accounting of a nation’s output, including all expenditures, revenues, and profits
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Least-Cost Theory
suggests that all major corporations make their decisions about where to house their production and manufacturing facilities based on the least possible combination of costs
Primary Sector
jobs directly related to the extraction of the Earth’s natural resources
Quaternary Sector
the industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development
Quinary Sector
the highest level of economic activity, which involves the decision-making and policy-making that drives the other sectors of the economy
Raw Materials
Unprocessed natural products used in production
Secondary Sector
the part of the economy involved in manufacturing and processing raw materials obtained from primary sectors into finished products
Tertiary Sector
anything that has to do with the sale or exchange of goods
Commodity Dependence
When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more-developed countries that export higher-value goods
Dependency Theory
holds that LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and technologies from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure
Formal Sector
the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country’s citizens in a year, divided by the country’s population
Gender Development Index (GDI)
measuresgender inequalities in the achievement of keydimensions of human development
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
a composite metric of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market
Gross National Income (GNI)
the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and businesses
Gross National Product (GNP)
the total monetary value, in US dollars, of all the goods, services, and investments produced by a country in a year
Human Development Index (HDI)
measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita
Informal Sector
those workers who are self employed, or who work for those who are self employed
Labor-Market Participation (LMP)
rate that measures an economy’s active labor force, calculated by taking the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age of the population
Microloan
small loans provided to individuals or small businesses
Export Processing Zone (EPZ)
areas found in many regions of the developing world
Fordism
The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods
Free Trade Zone (FTZ)
allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods
Just-in-Time Delivery
Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed
Multiplier Effect
Describes the expansion of an area’s economic base as a result of the basic and non-basic industries located there
Neoliberalism
economic policies that promote free market principles, such as deregulation , liberalization , and privatization
Offshore Outsourcing
process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
Post-Fordism
world economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced
Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment
