AP Human Geography Vocab Flashcards
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Human Geography
The study of the interrelationships between people, place, and environment, and how these vary spatially and temporally across and between locations.
Physical Geography
Natural features of earth, as well as earth’s natural processes.
Map
Map type that shows reference information for a particular place.
Place
A specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places.
Region
Any area differentiated from surrounding areas by at least one characteristic.
Scale
Specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
Space
A portion of Earth’s surface.
Connectivity
The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
GPS
This system uses data from satellites to pin-point a location on earth and help people find their way to a destination.
Remote Sensing
The process of taking pictures of the Earth’s surface from satellites to provide a greater understanding of the Earth’s geography over large distances.
GIS
A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
Toponym
Another word for name, but is specific to locations.
Site
The exact location relates to its surrounding features
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places.
Mathematical Location
A place’s location using a coordinate system such as latitude and longitude.
Prime Meridian
The line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around Earth.
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
Equator
A line that runs through the middle of the Earth horizontally.
Formal Region
An area with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute.
Functional Region
A social or economic function that occurs between a node or focal point and the surrounding areas.
Vernacular Region
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Cultural Landscape
A place with many layers of history that evolves through design and use over time.
Culture
The study of human adaptations to social and physical environments.
Environmental Determinism
A philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment.
Possibilism
a cultural-geography theory that evolved from the racially informed theory of environmental determinism.
Polder
A piece of farmland that has been reclaimed from water.
Globalization
The increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world.
Transnational Corporations
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
Density
Refers to the number of people who live in a defined land area.
Concentration
The extent of a feature’s spread over space.
Pattern
The arrangement of objects on Earth’s surface in relation to other objects.
Space Time Compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
Distance Decay
The name of the theory states that as the distance between two places increases, the interaction between those two places decreases.
Diffusion
The spread of an idea or characteristic over time.
Relocation
The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
Expansion
When innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations.
Hierarchical
When an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals.
Contagious
The distance-controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person.
Stimulus
When an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters.
Demographic Equation
An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period, taking into account both natural increase and net migration.
CBR
the total number of live births for every 1,000 people in a given year.
CDR
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
NIR
the percent a population will grow per year, excluding annual migration.
TFR
the average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime.
Replacement Fertility
the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
Doubling Time
the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double.
Life Expectancy
how long you are expected to live a natural life in your country.
IMR
The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
CMR
number of children that die between the first and fifth year of their lives.
Overpopulation
generally occurs when a region has exceeded its “carrying capacity.”
Carrying Capacity
the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area.
Demography
the statistical study of human populations.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Physiological Density
the number of persons per unit of agricultural land
Ecumene
land that is permanently populated by human society.
CMR
number of children that die between the first and fifth year of their lives.
IMR
The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
Replacement Fertility
the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
Population Pyramid
show the age and sex demographics of a particular country, city, or neighborhood.
Epidemiologic Transition
changing patterns of population age distributions, mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and causes of death.
Voluntary Migration
migration that is undertaken willingly by the group or individual involved.
Activity Space
a geographic extent in which people move in the course of their daily activities.
Forced Migration
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural/political factors
Step Migration
gradual migration, from farm to village to town to big city
Emigration
the process of leaving one’s country of origin in order to settle in another country permanently.
Intervening Opportunity
a feature that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one.
Immigration
the physical movement of people from one place to another
Net Migration
the net total of migrants during the period
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another.
Cyclic Mobility
Regular journey that begins at a home base and returns to the exact same place.
Periodic Mobility
Involves a longer period of time away from the home base than cyclic movement.
Transhumance
the seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
Intervening Obstacle
an object that interferes with how humans arrive at their destinations.
Internal Migration
movement within a nation-state
Step Migration
gradual migration, from farm to village to town to big city
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another
Intervening Opportunity
a feature that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one.
Interregional Migration
the movement from one region of a country to another.
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Push Factor
something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place.
Pull Factor
positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas.
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Remittances
Money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash
Refugee
people who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival.
Internally Displaced Person
someone who is forced to leave their home but who remains within their country’s borders.
Asylum Seeker
a person fleeing persecution or conflict, and therefore seeking international protection under the 1951 Refugee Convention on the Status of Refugees
Diaspora
a community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences.
Isolationsim
a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.
Migration Stream
A constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination.
Brain Gain
The movement of skilled workers
Brain Drain
the emigration of knowledgeable, well educated, and skilled professionals from their home country to another country.
Quota
a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.
Migration Selectivity
the tendency for certain types of people to migrate.
Defection
Illegally leaving a country
Flood Plain
an area of land adjacent to a river.
Artifact
Any item, made by humans, that represents a material aspect of culture.
Sociofact
the structures and organizations of a culture which influence social behavior.
Mentifact
The shared ideas, values, and beliefs of a culture.
Built Environment
The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity
Habit
A repetitive act performed by a particular individual
Custom
The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
Taboo
A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
Folk Culture
The practice of particular customs of a relatively small group of people that increases that group’s uniqueness.
Pop culture
modern popular culture transmitted via the mass media and aimed particularly at younger people.
Isolation
the state of being in a place or situation that is separate from others
Assimilation
The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits
Acculturation
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
Cultural Convergence
takes place when cultures become more similar based on shared structures, values, and technology.
Culture Complex
takes place when cultures become more similar based on shared structures, values, and technology.
Sequent occupance
The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
Bostan
A place filled with fragrance, garden.
Terroir
The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
Kosher
satisfying the requirements of Jewish law.
Halal
denoting or relating to meat prepared as prescribed by Muslim law.
Language
The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consists of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
Literary Tradition
A language that is written as well as spoken.
Official Language
the language of the largest cultural group of a country.
Dialect
a regional variation of a language that can be distinguished by its distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, and spelling.
Isogloss
a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions.
Standard Language
a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage
Received pronunciation
the dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard for the United Kingdom
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
Language Branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.
Language Group
A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Creole
formed by the combination of two or more languages.
Language Convergence
Collapsing of two languages into one resulting from constant spatial interaction of people with different languages.
Language Divergence
occurs when a language breaks down
Orthography
A method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols.
Ideograms
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound
Extinct Language
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
Backwards Reconstruction
the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language.
Language Hotspot
concentrated regions of the world having the highest level of linguistic diversity, the highest levels of endangerment, and the least-studied languages.
Isolated languages
A language that is unrelated to any other language and therefore not attached to any language
Pidgin Language
often emerges when two or more languages coexist in a small geographic area.
Lingua Franca
is a language that combines simple words from multiple languages so that people who need to understand one another, in order to conduct trade and facilitate business
Religion
a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.
Secularism
The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife.
Monotheism
the belief that there is only one god or divine being.
Polytheism
belief in multiple gods, usually that are responsible for different areas of the universe and of human experience.
Deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life.
Indigenous Religion
A religion that is native to a place or region
Universalizing Religion
offer belief systems that are attractive to the universal population.
Ethnic Religion
relate closely to culture, ethnic heritage, and to the physical geography of a particular place.
Zionism
the movement to unite Jewish people of the diaspora and establish a nation homeland for them in the promised land.
Pilgrimage
voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site.
Sacred Site
a place that is considered holy to certain people.
Stupa
a monumental pile of earth or other material, in memory of Buddha or a Buddhist saint, and commemorating some event or marking a sacred spot.
Pagoda
A multi storied Chinese tower, usually associated with a Buddhist temple, having a multiplicity of projecting eaves.
Mosque
A Muslim place of worship
Minaret
A tall tower that is part of a mosque with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.
Muezzin
the servant of the mosque and is chosen for his good character.
Hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers.
Interfaith Boundary
the boundaries between the world’s major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism.
Apartheid
the physical separation of different races into separate geographic areas.
Interfaith Boundary
describes the boundaries within a major religion.
Ethnicity
identity with a group of people who share a common identity with a specific homeland or hearth.
Race
a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics.
Nation
A group of people bound together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences.
Ghetto
an area of a city in which people of an ethnic minority are confined either by official government policy or by economic and social obstacles that make it difficult for people of that ethnicity to exist outside of the ghetto.
Racism
Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Ethnocentrism
based on the belief that one’s own culture is inherently superior and that other nations are backwards or underdeveloped because their culture is different.
White Flight
the phenomenon of white people moving out of urban neighborhoods that are becoming racially or ethnically diverse, often to suburban areas.
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
Nationality
Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
Nation State
A nation is a group of people with common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders.
Self Determinism
the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments.
Stateless nation
A nation of people without a state that it considers home
Centripetal Force
an attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state.
Centrifugal Force
forces that tear apart political and ethnic groups.
Multiethnic State
A state that contains more than one ethnicity.
Multinational State
A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
Irredentism
the process by which a part of an existing state breaks away and merges with another
Ethnocentrism
based on the belief that one’s own culture is inherently superior and that other nations are backwards or underdeveloped because their culture is different.
Kurds
The Kurdish people inhabit territory in the Middle East that includes the territory of many independent states. - Stateless nations
Kashmir and Jammu
the northernmost state of the Union of India.
Tamils vs Sinhalese
Sri Lanka’s largest minority group are the Tamils, who make up about 15% of the country’s population.
Devolution
the delegation, or transfer of powers, from a central governing body, or sovereign state, to lower governance, such as subnational, regional, or local government.
Balkanization
The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries.
State
A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy.
Prorupted State
has a long extension that can dramatically increase the territorial power and significance of the country.
Sovereignty
the concept that a state has the supreme authority to govern itself and make decisions within its own borders without interference from other states or international organizations.
Perforated State
a state that completely surrounds another state.
Microstates
a sovereign state having a very small population or land area
Elongated State
much longer in one direction than the other.
City States
A small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area.
Fragmented State
a state whose territory is physically divided into several distinct segments.
Colonialism
the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over.
Geometric Boundary
A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs
Imperialism
the practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination.
Cultural Boundary
the geographical term for the border between two different ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups.
World Economy
the economy of all humans in the world
Relict Boundary
boundaries that used to exist and can still be detected on the landscape
Periphery
countries that have a very low standard of living and low levels of industrial productivity.
Antecedent Boundary
the name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society.
Semi Periphery
countries that have a standard of living lower than those in the “core,” but much higher than those in the “periphery.”
Consequent Boundary
A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language
Core
National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.
Demarcated Boundary
identified by physical objects, like walls, signs, and fences.
Unitary State
a state where laws are administered uniformly by one central government.
Federal State
a system of government where power is shared (in various arrangements) between a centralized government and various regional authorities.
Gerrymandering
is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent to create undue advantage for a party, group, or socioeconomic class within the constituency.
Devolution
The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or breakup of a large state (balkanization) into several independent ones
Wasted Vote
A wasted vote is any vote that does not receive representation in the final election outcome.
Stacked Vote
Every person gets a vote, people are divided into five states and each state gets a single vote in the election.
Excess Vote
a vote that counts towards a winning candidate beyond what is needed to win.
UN
a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
EU
is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe.
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.
Warsaw Pact
a collective defense treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe
USMCA
The Agreement between the United States of America, Mexico, and Canada is a free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
ASEAN
a political and economic union 20 states in Southeast Asia.
ISIS
the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and a former unrecognized quasi-state.
Al Qaeda
a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic state known as the Caliphate.
Terrorism
use of intentional violence and fear to achieve political or ideological aims.
Right Wing Terrorism
extreme right terrorism or far-right terrorism is terrorism that is motivated by a variety of different right-wing and far-right ideologies.
Left Wing Terrorism
terrorism motivated by left-wing or far-left ideologies, committed with the aim of overthrowing current capitalist systems
Religious Terrorism
religious violence where terrorism is used as a strategy to achieve certain religious goals
Separatist Terrorism
usually desiring to secure self-determination or home-rule for a certain faction or geographic community.
State Terrorism
acts of terrorism which a state conducts against another state or against its own citizens.
Agriculture
The art and science of producing food from the land and tending livestock for the purpose of human consumption.
Crop
Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.
Domestication
the process by which a plant or animal is tamed by human society so that that plant or animal can be reliably utilized to provide for human sustenance.
Subsistence Ag
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer and mostly found in less developed countries.
Commercial Ag
A form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit.
Agribusiness
The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes.
Shifting Cultivation
a type of agriculture that involves clearing a small area of land, planting crops for a few years, and then moving on to a new plot of land when the soil fertility declines.
Interillage
Tillage between rows of crops of plants.
Pastoral Nomadism
a form of nomadism that revolves around moving with large herds of domesticated livestock.
Transhumance
the seasonal movement of livestock to warmer pastures in the winter and pastures in higher altitudes or latitudes during the warmer seasons.
Intensive Subsistence Ag
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum yield from a piece of land.
Extensive Ag
An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.
Double Cropping
The growing of two crops per growing season to double the harvest.
Plantation
the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land.
Ridge Tillage
a form of conservation tillage where the farmer builds ridges or raised beds.
Sustainable Ag
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution
Desertification
the process by which previously fertile lands become arid and unusable for farming.
Green Rev
development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe.
GMO
Genetically Modified Organism
Hybrid Seeds
cross pollinating two genetically different strains to result in a third strain with different traits.
Second Ag Rev
used the increased technology from the Industrial Revolution as a means to increase farm productivity through mechanization.
3rd Ag Rev
hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increased use of pesticides and fertilizers.
Aquaculture
The cultivation or farming (in controlled conditions) of aquatic species, such as fish.
Metes and Bounds
used to describe the boundaries of a parcel of land.
Long Lot system
divide the land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
Range and Township act
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.
Center Pivot Irrigation
a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers.
Drip Irrigation
water to drip slowly directly onto the roots area or soil surface near plant roots
Monocropping
the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land.
Green Field
A greenfield project is one that lacks constraints imposed by prior work.
Site
The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant
Metropolitan Area
all the areas surrounding a city that can be said to have a high-level of economic or social integration with the city.
Fall Line
the imaginary line between two parallel rivers, at the point where rivers plunge, or fall, at roughly the same elevation.
Basic Industry
a type of industry that produces materials that are supplied to other industries, and which is important in a country’s economy
Edge City
Type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city.
Boomburg
rapidly growing (double-digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000 - Typically rich people.
Infill
The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land.
City
permanent settlement of relatively large size, relatively high population density
Urbanized area
a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs.
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places.
Suburb
outer districts of urban areas
Urban sprawl
the expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land.
Exburb
The small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city.
Gravity Model
The interaction between two places can be determined by the product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another.
Rank Size Rule
A principle that says that the rank of a city’s population within a country will be approximately the largest city’s population divided by the rank of the city in question.
Primate City
a city that functions as by far the largest city in the country it inhabits.
Central Place Theory
in any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets.
Range
the maximum distance people are willing to travel to get a product or service.
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to meet the needs of an industry.
Megacity
a city that has a very large, and growing, population. - 10 million
Metacity
urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size
World City
an urban center that is a major player in the global economy and is connected to a network of other global cities through economic, cultural, and political linkages.
CBD
where a large number of businesses are located.
Concentric Zone Model
will have a central business district which is surrounded by a series of rings with varying levels of development.
Sector Model
a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt.
Multiple Nuclei Model
a city that does not have one central area, but instead has several nodes that act as regional centers for economic or residential activity within one larger city.
Node
a central point in a functional culture region where functions are coordinated and directed. Vernacular region.
Galac
a city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.
Green Belt
is a policy, and land-use zone designation used in land-use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighboring urban areas.
Urban Growth Boundary
separates urban areas from the surrounding natural and agricultural lands, or greenbelts. It puts a limit on how far out the city can expand.
Slow Growth Cities
urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl.
New Urbanism
an urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.
Traditional Zoning
requires separate zones based upon land-use type or economic function
Mixed Use Zoning
a type of urban zoning that blends multiple types of properties that would fall into more than one standard zoning category.
Smart Growth
an overall approach of development and conservation strategies that can help protect our health and natural environment and make our communities more attractive
Walkability
the ability to safely walk to services and amenities within a reasonable distance
Transit-oriented development
the planning and construction of communities in greater density around or close to public transit stations
Mixed use
provide more than one use or purpose within a shared building or development area.
Ecological Footprint
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Relining
a discriminatory practice in which financial institutions and other organizations deny or limit financial services, insurance, or other resources to residents of certain areas, typically because those areas are predominantly inhabited by racial or ethnic minorities.
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
Zones of abandonment
The lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties to become abandoned, extending even to entire neighborhoods.
Filtering
the process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income.
Land Tenure
the relationship that individuals and groups hold with respect to land and land-based resources, such as trees, minerals, pastures, and water.
Inclusionary zoning laws
is municipal and county planning ordinances that require or provide incentives when a given percentage of units in a new housing development be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes.
Eminent Domain
The authority of a government to take private property when doing so serves the public’s interests.
Eminent domain
a set of actions that harm the environment while simultaneously alienating specific groups and communities.
Environmental injustice
a set of actions that harm the environment while simultaneously alienating specific groups and communities.
Urban Renewal
where cities remove residents from low income areas and rebuild the area to attract higher income residents.
Regional planning
creating designs for the use of land within municipalities to meet community needs such as infrastructure, zoning laws, public spaces etc.
Brownfields
a property that is potentially contaminated by hazardous substances , pollutants, or contaminants .
