AP Human Geography Flashcards
Unit 7 FRQ Prep
Fordism
Mass production in which each employee is given a specific task to continuously perform
Offshoring
The practice of exporting U.S. jobs to lower paid employees in other nation
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers
Deindustrialization
A process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment
Export processing zones
are areas found in many regions of the developing world. They provide incentives for foreign companies to conduct their business in developing regions. They provide benefits to the developing world in the form of foreign investments and improved employment opportunities
New International Division of Labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries
Post-Fordism
(the world-economy now) a more flexible set of production practices in which the component of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together is needed to meet market demand-brings places closer together in time and space
Multiplier Effect
Describes the expansion of an area’s economic base as a result of the basic and non-basic industries located there
Aglomeration
A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity.
Economies of Scale
The savings in cost per unit due to increasing the level of production (think Fordism). Example - Agribusiness produces cheaper crops and finished goods than traditional farming, in part, because they produce at a large scale
Just-in-Time Delivery
Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed
High Technology Industries
the high-tech sector can be defined as industries having high concentrations of workers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) occupations
Growth Pole
he concentration of highly innovative and technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in linked businesses and industries.
Sustainable Development
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Resource Depletion
the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. … Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to farming, fishing, mining, water usage, and consumption of fossil fuels
Environmental Pollution
the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. … Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories
Tertiary
is also called the service sector and involves the selling of services and skills. They also include the selling goods and products from primary and secondary industries
Economic Sectors
A sector is a category/activity of the economy in which businesses share the same or a related product or service.
This can be on a local, regional, national, or global scale.
Sectors of the Economy: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary
Primary
includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as agriculture, logging, fishing, and mining.
Secondary
covers all those activities consisting in varying degrees of processing of raw materials (manufacturing, construction industries).
Quaternary Sector
consists of those industries providing information services, such as computing, ICT (information and communication technologies), consultancy (offering advice to businesses) and R&D (research, particularly in scientific fields) and high-tech goods.
Quinary Sector
the part of the economy where the top-level decisions are made. This includes the government which passes legislation. It also comprises the top decision-makers in industry, commerce and also the education sector
