AP Human Geo Unit 7 Flashcards
What is:
Industrialization
(The developemtn of … in a … or … on a wide scale)
The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
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What is an:
Industry
(Economic activity concerned with the … of raw … and … of goods in …)
Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in facotries
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What is the:
Industrial Revolution
(A series of improvemements in … … that transformed the process of … goods)
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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What is the:
Cottage Industry
(Manufacturing based in … rather than in …, commonly found prior to the … …)
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the industrial revolution
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What is the:
Primary Sector
(Activities including … (both … and …), mining, …, grazing, … and gathering, …, and quarrying)
Activities including agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying
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What is the:
Secondary Sector
(Produces finished goods from the materials extracted by the … … All manufacturing, …, and construction … lie within this …)
Produces finished goods from the raw materials extracted by the primary economy. All manufacturing, processing, and construction jobs lie within this sector
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What is the:
Tertiary Sector
(Known as the … … Activites associated with this … include …, restaurants, …, tourism, …, health care, and …)
Known as the Service Industry. Activites associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation, restaurants, media, tourism, banking, health care, and law
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What is the:
Quaternary Sector
(Consists of intellectual activites often associted with … … (knowledge economy). Activites include …, culture, …, scientific research, … and information …)
Consists of intellectual activites often associated with technological innovation (knowledge economy). Activites include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology
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What is the:
Quinary Sector
(The … thats sometimes called “… ….” professions, inclues highest level pof decision making in a society or economy. This … includes top executives or officials in …, science, …, nonprofits, … …., culture, and the …)
The sector thats sometimes called “gold collar” professions, includes highest levels of decision-making in a society or economy. This sector includes top executives or officials in government, science, universities, nonprofits, health care, culture, and the media
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What is:
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
(a … thats created to determine the … of … plants (…)
A theory thats createrd to determine the location of manufacturing plants (facotries)
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What is the:
Bulk-Reducing Industry
(Because input weighs more than the final products, … location is near raw … to reduce … costs)
Because input weighs more than the final products, plant location is near raw materials to reduce transportation costs
(input > final product)
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What is the:
Bulk-Gaining Industry
(Because input weighs less than the final product, plant … is near … to reduce trnasportation …s)
Because input weighs less than the final products, plant location is near market to reduce transportation costs
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What is:
Just in Time Delivery
(Parts are sent to … right as they are …, reducing need for … space)
Parts are sent to facotry right as they are needed, reducing need for warehouse space
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What is:
Complementarity
(… is greater if each side has something the other …/…)
Trade is greater if each side has something the other wants or needs
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What is:
Comparative Advantage
(When each trade partner … in what they are … at)
When each trade partner specializes in what they are good at
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What is:
Agglomeration
(When a large number of … and … cluster together and benefit from the cost … and … in efficiency that result from this …)
When a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity
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What is:
Deglomeration
(The “…” of similar … due to …)
The “unclumping” of similar businesses due to overcrowding
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What is the:
Footloose Industry
(The … that produces a lightweight … that is very …, location is not much of an issue. (ex. … chips, …)
The industry that produces a lightweight product that is very valueable, location is not much of an issue (ex. computer chips, diamonds)
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What is a:
Technopole
(An … (clustering) of high tech … in a …)
An agglomeration (clustering) of high tech businesses in a region (ex. Sillicon valley, California)
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What is:
Friction of Distance
(Increasing distance equals increased … and …)
Increasing distance equals increased time and cost
(Increasing distance=increased time and $$)
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What is:
Distance Decay
(The diminishing in importance and evetual … of a … with increasing distance from its …)
The diminishing in importance and eventual dissapearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
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What is:
Gross National Income (GNI)
(Value of the output of … produced in a … annually, including … that leaves and enters the …)
Value of the output of goods and services produced in a country annually, including money that leaves and enters the country
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What is the:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
(Value of the output of … and … produced in a … annually, but doesn’t include … that leaves and enters the …)
Value of the output of goods and services producd in a country annually, but doesn’t include money that leaves and enters the country
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What is:
Purchasing Power parity
(Cost of … adjustment made to the …)
Cost of living adjustment made to the GNI (Gross National Income)
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What is the:
Formal Economy
(Legal … thats taxed and … by a … and is included in a government’s …)
Legal economy that’s taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government’s Gross National Product
(any job taxed and regulated by the government)
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What is the:
Informal Economy
(… activity thats neither … nor … by a government; and isn’t included in that …’s … (drug money, … from …, money from …)
Economic activity that’s neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and isn’t included in that government’s Gross National Product (drug money, money from chores, money from odd jobs)
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What is the:
Gender Inequality Index
(Measures the amount of … … in a country based on multiple …)
Measures the amount of gender inequality in a country based on multiple metrics (empowerment, labor force, reproductive health)
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What are:
Microloans
(Small … or other … services provided to individuals or … … in developing …)
Small loans or other financial services provided to individuals or small businesses in developing countries
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What is:
Wallerstein’s World System Theory
(A … that unified the … … with developed … forming an inner … area, whereas … countries occupy … locations)
A theory that unified the world economy with developed countries forming an inner core area, whereas devloping countries occupy peripheral locations
(Core Periphery model)
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What is:
Uneven development
(An increasing gap in … conditions between … and … regions as a result of the … of the …)
An increasing gap in economic conditons between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
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What is the:
Dependency Theory
(A … that the world … benefits rich … and hamrs other … by making them reliant on core …)
A theory that the world economy benefits rich societies and harms other countries by making them reliant on core countries
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What is:
Rostow’s Model
(A model that suggests it was possible for all … to break the vicious cycle of … and develop throught the 5 linear … (… and …)
A model that suggests it was possible for all countries to break the vicious cycle of poverty and devlop through the 5 linear stages (industrialization and deindustrialization)
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What are:
Free Trade Agreements
(A … between … or more … to reduce … to imports and … among them)
A pact between 2 or more nations to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them
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What is a:
Export Processing Zone
(Also called a … … …, is an industrial area that is operated according to different policies that than the rest of the … in which it is located in order to … and … …-oriented production)
Also called a free trade zone, is an industrial area that is operated according to different policies that than the rest of the country in which it is located in order to attract and support export-oriented production
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What is a:
Special Economic Zone
(… … … established in …, as part of a national policy to create a more open …-… economy)
Export Processing zone established in China, as part of a national policy to create a more open, market-oriented economy
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What’s the:
New International Division of Labor
(An outcome of … and … of our world … It is a shift of … industries from … countries to devloping …)
An outcome of globalization and interconnectedness of our world economy. It is a shift of manufacturing industries from developed countries to developing countries
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What is:
Outsourcing
(The business practice of hiring a … outside a company to perform … and create goods that traditionally were performed …-… by company’s own … and …)
The business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services and create goods that traditionally were performed in-house by company’s own emloyees and staff
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What is a:
Maquiladora
(A … that allows … to be largely … free and …-free)
A country that allows factories to be largely tax free and tariff-free.
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What is:
Fordist Production
(A form of … … in which each worker is assigned one specific … to preform repeatedly, usually on an …)
A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to preform repeatedly, usually on an assembly
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What is:
Post-Fordist Production
(Automation - … and … systems - replaces the human … line)
Automation - robots and computer systems - replaces the human assembly line
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What is the:
Basic Industry
(Exports primarily to … outside the …)
Exports primarily to customers outside the settlement
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What is the:
Non-Basic Industry
(Serves primarily … living in the … settlement)
Serves primarily customers living in the same settlement
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What is:
Economies of Scale
(A cost advantage gained by … when production becomes efficient. … can achieve this by increasing … and lowering …)
A cost advantage gained by companies when production becomes efficient. Companies can achieve this by increasing production and lowering costs
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What is the:
Multiplier Effect
(Additional … oppurtunities that can be generated. For example, a … deciding to establish a … … will create other … benefits)
Additional economic oppurtunites that can be generated. For example, a corporation deciding to establish a new location will create other economic benefits.
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What is:
Sustainable Development
(The use of … … in a way that meets the needs of the … without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own …)
The use of natural resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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What is:
Ecotourism
(A form of … based on the enjoyment of … areas and natural …s, that aims to provide an experience of … or culture in an … sustainable way)
A form of tourism based on the enjoyment of scenic areas and natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way
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What is:
Fair Trade
(Agreement between a … …. country with a more developed …, ensures fair prices for products such as … and …, and money is used to cover a … …, shelter, … and an education)
Agreement between a less developed country with a more developed country, ensures fair prices for products such as coffee and chocolate, and money is used to cover a basic wage, shelter, food, and an education
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What are the:
UN Sustainable Development Goals
(Goals adopted by the … … member stares in … as a universal call to action to end …, protect the …, and ensure that all people enjoy … and … by 2030)
Goals adopted by the United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and properity by 2030
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