AP HuG unit 5 Flashcards
Mediterranean climate
Regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation
Tropical climate
Regions of low latitudes with hot, humid climates and substantial rainfall
Intensive agriculture
Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used
Market gardening
When fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban marker and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants. It usually requires capital investment’s of greenhouses and fertilizers
Plantation agriculture
A large commercial farm that specializes in one crop
Mixed crop/livestock system
Integrated system that is common in developed regions
Extensive agriculture
Agriculture that used fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used
Shifting cultivation
Farmers clear land for planning by slashing vegetation and burning the debris; sometimes called slash-and-burn agriculture
Nomadic herding
People that depend primarily on animals rather than crops for survival
Ranching
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
Rural settlement pattern
The distribution of settlement in agricultural areas with small or low population
Clustered settlement pattern
Rural settlements with groups of homes located near each other in a village
Dispersed settlement pattern
Patterns in which farmers live in homes spread throughout the countryside
Linear settlement pattern
A pattern in which buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route
Rural survey method
A means of dividing rural land, typically involving measuring and recording the distance, elevation, and size of features on the earth’s surface
Metes and bounds
A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land
Township and range
A survey method using rectangular plots of consistence size. Each square mile, or section, could be divided into smaller lots, such as half section or quarter sections
Long lot
A survey method where plots of land were long, thing section that ran perpendicular to a river
First Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution
The origin of forming marked by the domestication of plants and animals
Domestication
The process of taming an animal for animal use
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European Colonization and trade
Second Agricultural Revolution
An increase in agricultural productivity through, improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in United Kingdom in the Seventeenth Century
Green Revolution
The rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers
High-yield seed
Seeds that have been genetically modified or gone through hybridization to produce desirable shapes and sizes for increased good production
Mechanized farming
Shifting labor in agriculture from humans/animals to machines, significantly increasing the production of food per farmer
Subsistence agriculture
To grow enough good or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family
Commercial agriculture
To grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit
Monocropping/monoculture
The practice of growing the same single crop year after year
Intercropping/intertillage
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
Bid-rent theory
The changing value and demand for land as the distance from the marker increases. Land values are highest near the market
Commodity chain
A process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers
Carrying capacity
The number of people able a region can support sustainability without environmental degradation
Von Thunen model
An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods
Global supply chain
All the steps required to get a product or service to consumers, now covering thousands of miles for many goods and services
Export commodity
A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country
Pollution
Contamination of the air, water, or land
Land cover change
The study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
Soil salinization
When salts from water used by plants remain in the soil, decreasing a plants ability to uptake water and nutrients, which results in lower yields and may render soil useless
Conservation
Protecting the environment through the responsible use of natural resources
Slash and burn agriculture
When all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place. The ash provides nutrients to the soil and the land can be farmed for a few years before the soil becomes depleted
Terrace farming
Farmers building a series of steps into the side of a hill, making land suitable for agriculture
Irrigation
The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other manufactured devices rather than relying on just rainfall
Deforestation
The removal of large tracts of forest, usually to clear the land for additional farmland
Pastoral nomadism
An extensive agriculture activity that involves groups of people moving often and raising animals as their main means of survival
Biotechnology
A somewhat controversial innovation that is used to improve the quality and health of plants and animals
Genetically modified organisms
Plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species
Aquaculture
The practice of raising and harvesting dish and other forms of food that live in water
Sustainability
The use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future
Biodiversity
The variety of organism’s in a location
Fertilizer
Any substance added to soil or water to increase its productivity
Pesticide
Chemicals used to treat cops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop
Urban farming
The production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing locally grown food
Community-supported agriculture
A local-food movement that brings producers and consumers into a type of partnership
Value-added specialty crops
When farmers process their crops into new products to increase products, rather than selling it as it comes from the field
Fair trade
A concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability, producers, farmers, and craftspeople are paid fair prices for their products, and workers get fair wages
Local-food movement
Seeking out food produced nearby to support local farmers and reduce the use of fossil fuels
Undernourishment
Dietary consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement to maintain a healthy life
Food insecurity
When households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources
Food desert
A neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food
