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AP HuG > AP HuG unit 5 > Flashcards

AP HuG unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Mediterranean climate

A

Regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation

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2
Q

Tropical climate

A

Regions of low latitudes with hot, humid climates and substantial rainfall

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3
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

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4
Q

Market gardening

A

When fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban marker and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants. It usually requires capital investment’s of greenhouses and fertilizers

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5
Q

Plantation agriculture

A

A large commercial farm that specializes in one crop

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6
Q

Mixed crop/livestock system

A

Integrated system that is common in developed regions

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7
Q

Extensive agriculture

A

Agriculture that used fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

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8
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

Farmers clear land for planning by slashing vegetation and burning the debris; sometimes called slash-and-burn agriculture

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9
Q

Nomadic herding

A

People that depend primarily on animals rather than crops for survival

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10
Q

Ranching

A

Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

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11
Q

Rural settlement pattern

A

The distribution of settlement in agricultural areas with small or low population

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12
Q

Clustered settlement pattern

A

Rural settlements with groups of homes located near each other in a village

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13
Q

Dispersed settlement pattern

A

Patterns in which farmers live in homes spread throughout the countryside

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14
Q

Linear settlement pattern

A

A pattern in which buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route

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15
Q

Rural survey method

A

A means of dividing rural land, typically involving measuring and recording the distance, elevation, and size of features on the earth’s surface

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16
Q

Metes and bounds

A

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land

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17
Q

Township and range

A

A survey method using rectangular plots of consistence size. Each square mile, or section, could be divided into smaller lots, such as half section or quarter sections

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18
Q

Long lot

A

A survey method where plots of land were long, thing section that ran perpendicular to a river

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19
Q

First Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution

A

The origin of forming marked by the domestication of plants and animals

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20
Q

Domestication

A

The process of taming an animal for animal use

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21
Q

Transhumance

A

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area

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22
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European Colonization and trade

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23
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

An increase in agricultural productivity through, improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in United Kingdom in the Seventeenth Century

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24
Q

Green Revolution

A

The rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers

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25
Q

High-yield seed

A

Seeds that have been genetically modified or gone through hybridization to produce desirable shapes and sizes for increased good production

26
Q

Mechanized farming

A

Shifting labor in agriculture from humans/animals to machines, significantly increasing the production of food per farmer

27
Q

Subsistence agriculture

A

To grow enough good or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family

28
Q

Commercial agriculture

A

To grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit

29
Q

Monocropping/monoculture

A

The practice of growing the same single crop year after year

30
Q

Intercropping/intertillage

A

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

31
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

The changing value and demand for land as the distance from the marker increases. Land values are highest near the market

32
Q

Commodity chain

A

A process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers

33
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The number of people able a region can support sustainability without environmental degradation

34
Q

Von Thunen model

A

An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods

35
Q

Global supply chain

A

All the steps required to get a product or service to consumers, now covering thousands of miles for many goods and services

36
Q

Export commodity

A

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country

37
Q

Pollution

A

Contamination of the air, water, or land

38
Q

Land cover change

A

The study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use

39
Q

Desertification

A

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

40
Q

Soil salinization

A

When salts from water used by plants remain in the soil, decreasing a plants ability to uptake water and nutrients, which results in lower yields and may render soil useless

41
Q

Conservation

A

Protecting the environment through the responsible use of natural resources

42
Q

Slash and burn agriculture

A

When all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place. The ash provides nutrients to the soil and the land can be farmed for a few years before the soil becomes depleted

43
Q

Terrace farming

A

Farmers building a series of steps into the side of a hill, making land suitable for agriculture

44
Q

Irrigation

A

The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other manufactured devices rather than relying on just rainfall

45
Q

Deforestation

A

The removal of large tracts of forest, usually to clear the land for additional farmland

46
Q

Pastoral nomadism

A

An extensive agriculture activity that involves groups of people moving often and raising animals as their main means of survival

47
Q

Biotechnology

A

A somewhat controversial innovation that is used to improve the quality and health of plants and animals

48
Q

Genetically modified organisms

A

Plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species

49
Q

Aquaculture

A

The practice of raising and harvesting dish and other forms of food that live in water

50
Q

Sustainability

A

The use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

51
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of organism’s in a location

52
Q

Fertilizer

A

Any substance added to soil or water to increase its productivity

53
Q

Pesticide

A

Chemicals used to treat cops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop

54
Q

Urban farming

A

The production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing locally grown food

55
Q

Community-supported agriculture

A

A local-food movement that brings producers and consumers into a type of partnership

56
Q

Value-added specialty crops

A

When farmers process their crops into new products to increase products, rather than selling it as it comes from the field

57
Q

Fair trade

A

A concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability, producers, farmers, and craftspeople are paid fair prices for their products, and workers get fair wages

58
Q

Local-food movement

A

Seeking out food produced nearby to support local farmers and reduce the use of fossil fuels

59
Q

Undernourishment

A

Dietary consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement to maintain a healthy life

60
Q

Food insecurity

A

When households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources

61
Q

Food desert

A

A neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food

AP HuG (4 decks)

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