AP Hug Language Flashcards
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Language
a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without intentional study or special effort.
Mutual intelligibility
The process by which conventional forms of language are established and maintained.
standard language
variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
Dialects
dialects nearest to each other will be most similar. As you go farther apart, dialects become less intelligible.
Dialects chains
a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.
Isogloss
A classification of a language and what its root language is
Language Families
Are division within languages
Sub-Families
words that have same linguistic derivation as another word.
example. romance languages
Cognates
by tracking shifting consonants and cognate back to an older/common language.
Backwards reconstruction
a linguistic hypothesis associated with nomadic people in the neolithic era.
Proto-Indo-European
A proposed older language that preceded proto-indo European.
Proto-Eurasiatic
suggested by the Linguist Augschleicher that new language form new spatial interaction among speakers breaks down and languages fragments into dialects and then new languages.
Language Divergence
Instance in which all people who speak a language become extinct.
Language Extinction
Language that developed from Latin, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Romansh, Romanian, or Italian
Romance Language
Reflect Northern European movement, Scandinavia as well as Germanic people into British Isles. English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch
Germanic Languages
Dominated Eastern Europe with exception of Romanian. Example. Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-croatian, and Bulgarian.
Slavic Languages
Language that is a bridge that is spoken by people who speak different Languages.
Lingua Franca
A lingua Franca that became one language or a mixture of two languages.
Pidgin Language
when a Pidgin Language gains native speakers
Creole Language
Countries where nearly everyone speaks the same language
Monolingual States
countries with multiple languages.
Multilingual states
A language that is given a legal statue or a supreme status in a particular country.
Official language
The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages
Language Convergence
early speakers of Proto- Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.
Conquest theory
The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade
Global language
