AP Government Review Packet Flashcards
A system in which citizens meet and vote directly on government decisions.
direct democracy
A system in which citizens choose officials who make
decisions on government policy
representative democracy (republic)
Political theory that people enter into this with the government and can revoke this if they feel the government has compromised their rights.
social contract
Principle that there are no supreme rulers, all
rulers depend on the approval of the people, when governments fail to
protect rights the people have the right to change the government.
consent of the governed
principle that all people are born with certain rights: life,
liberty, and property
natural rights
Thomas Jefferson’s document built on principles
of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” consent of the governed, and social
contract theory. It also justified American revolution against England.
Declaration of Independence
Belief in doing what’s best for the nation overall.
common good
Belief that the ultimate authority rests with the people.
popular sovereignty
Belief that government is run based on the will of the majority.
majority rule
First constitution establishing a weak central government. Congress did not have the power to tax or regulate interstate trade. Each state had one vote and a two-thirds majority was needed to pass laws. No chief executive to enforce laws.
Articles of Confederation
Farmer rebellion in Massachusetts 1786-‐1787 protesting
mortgage foreclosures and terrible economy. Rebellion represented how weak the central government was, and terrified many Americans.
Shays’s Rebellion
The current central document for the United States, establishes a strong federal government. Congress now has the power to tax directly and regulate interstate trade, and a bicameral legislature distributes votes more proportionally among the states (Article I). Establishes a chief executive (President) to enforce federal law (Article II). The Supreme Court is established to interpret the Constitution (Article III).
U.S. Constitution
Supported the Constitution because it gave
power to a strong central government.
Federalists
Opposed the Constitution because they thought the national government would become tyrannical and take power away from the states.
Anti-Federalists
Articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison arguing for the Constitution.
Federalist Papers
Written by Madison, discusses importance of factions, factions are inevitable, but factions are best handled by a large
republic.
Federalist #10
Written by Madison, discusses importance of
checks and balances and the separation of powers in the constitution
Federalist #51
The system in which each branch of government is independent from the others.
separation of powers
The system in which all three branches can keep each other from becoming too powerful.
checks and balances
Separation between powers of the federal, state, and local
governments.
federalism
System of government in which the central government is very
weak, and most of the true power lies in individual states.
confederacy
System of government in which the central government is
extremely powerful, and individual states have few powers.
unitary system
Belief that the state and national governments are supreme within their own sphere of influence.
dual federalism (“layer cake” federalism)
Belief that the optimal system is sharing powers
between state and federal governments.
cooperative federalism (“marble cake” federalism)
Government’s patterns of spending, taxing, and providing
grants to influence state and local governments.
fiscal federalism
Money given from the federal government to the states.
grants-in-aid
Federal money for a specific purpose (building an
airport).
categorical grant
Broad grants from the federal government that give
local/state governments a lot of freedom to spend money as they please without many strings attached.
broad grant
Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue
with the states
revenue sharing
Terms set by the federal government that states must meet
if they accept federal grants.
mandates
Process of returning power to the states, this began during New
Federalism under presidents Nixon, Reagan, and Bush.
devolution
Powers listed (enumerated) in the constitution for the Federal government: go to war, raise an army, regulate interstate
and foreign commerce, establish post offices.
express powers
Based on necessary and proper clause (elastic
clause) – gives congress flexibility to make laws necessary and proper
for carrying out express powers, upheld in McCulloch v. Maryland.
implied powers
Powers dealing with foreign policy not in
constitution, but given to federal government.
inherent powers
Powers explicitly forbidden for the government: suspending writ of habeas corpus, passing bills of attainder and ex post facto laws.
denied powers
Powers shared by the Federal and State governments (power to tax
and spend, establish courts, make laws).
concurrent powers
Any power not denied nor given to
federal government is reserved for state governments.
reserved powers
Constitutional clause stating federal law is superior to state law. Affirmed in McCulloch v. Maryland.
Supremacy Clause
Constitutional clause that gives Federal Government authority to regulate
all of interstate commerce.
Interstate Commerce Clause
Constitutional clause that orders the president to enforce ALL laws passed by congress
Take Care Clause
Constitutional clause forcing states to honor laws and court rulings of other states.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitutional clause requiring states to extend same privileges and
immunities to all citizens (even of other states).
Privileges and Immunities Clause
First 10 amendments to the Constitution that guarantees
individual and states’ rights. This was a concession the Federalists made to the Anti-‐Federalists to ensure constitution would be ratified.
The Bill of Rights
Freedom of speech, assembly, petition, religion, press.
First Amendment
Right to bear arms.
Second Amendment
No unreasonable searches and seizures.
Fourth Amendment
Right to a trial, no double jeopardy, individuals are not required to testify against themselves, and restricts eminent domain.
Fifth Amendment
Right to a speedy, public, impartial trial with a lawyer.
Sixth Amendment
No excessive bails or fines, no cruel or unusual punishments.
Eighth Amendment
Powers not given to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states.
Tenth Amendment
Either 2/3 of Congress propose amendment and 3/4 of states ratify it, or conventions called by 2/3 of states propose amendment and 3/4 of states ratify it.
amendment processes
Manner in which people develop their political views
(family, friends, media, current government, education)
political socialization
Someone who believes that large federal government involvement needed to provide for the people (welfare, new deal, great society)
liberal
Someone who believes in an extremely powerful state to protect people.
socialist
Someone who believes that limited government is necessary to grow strong economy, very pro-business anti-regulation.
conservative
Someone who believes in very small government and extreme focus on
individual and business rights, no regulation of industry.
libertarian
Characteristics of population on income, education, race,
gender.
demographics
Every 10 years a count of the total population, different ethnic
groups, religions, and how people vote.
U.S. Census
Process in which after every census the congressional districts are redrawn based on population.
redistricting
Process in which state legislatures reapportion (resize) state congressional districts after every census.
reapportionment
The practice of redistricting in order to benefit a specific party
by drawing districts based on the demo of their residents.
gerrymandering
Patterns in voting; people vote because of the party of the candidate, on basis of candidate, and on basis of issues.
voting behavior
Voters who agree with a political party’s stance on issues tend to align with that party as well.
party identification
Belief that you can participate in politics, or that government
will respond (my vote counts).
political efficacy
The belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political
affairs, particularly voting.
civic duty
Held every four years in which president is elected.
general election
A political party’s elections to determine nominee for
general election. Distinction between open (people from either party can vote) and closed (people can only vote if they are a registered member of that party).
primary election
Candidate nomination process in which party members meet to
discuss and decide on candidate.
caucus
People vote on whether or not to accept a law passed by state
legislature, or a proposed amendment to the state constitution.
referendum
People vote on laws and constitutional amendments within state
(direct democracy).
initiative
Voters remove elected officials.
recall
Congressional elections use this system in which the winner of a
plurality wins.
Winner-take-all system
Represent specific ideological positions, sometimes can serve as
“spoilers” but rarely make much of an impact.
third parties
When one party controls the White House and another controls Congress.
divided government