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AP Government > AP Gov Final Review Terms > Flashcards

AP Gov Final Review Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

U1: Limited Government

A

Government had limited power over certain specifics, which is ensured by checks and balances, separation of powers, and Federalism.

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2
Q

U1: Natural Rights

A

All people have certain inalienable rights that cannot be revoked, this is guaranteed in the Declaration of Independence.

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3
Q

U1: Popular Sovereignty

A

All government power comes from the consent of the people

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4
Q

U1: Republicanism

A

Democratic principle that the will of the people is reflected in the government debates by their representatives

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5
Q

U1: Social Contract

A

An implicit agreement among the people in a society to give up some freedoms to maintain social order

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6
Q

U1: Participatory Democracy

A

Emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society

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7
Q

U1: Pluralist Democracy

A

Emphasized group-based activism by nongovernmental interests striving for impact on political decision making

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8
Q

U1: Elite Democracy

A

Emphasized limited participation in politics and civil society

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9
Q

U1: Separation of Powers

A

Divides authority in the three branches of government ; Allows legal actions to be taken against public officials deemed to have abused their power (such as impeachment where House charges official and Senate holds impeachment trial)

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10
Q

U1: Checks and Balances

A

Established in the Constitution ; Allocates power between federal and state governments

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11
Q

U1: Federalism

A

System of government where power is shared between national and state governments

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12
Q

U1: Exclusive Powers

A

Can only be exercised by the national government or only exercised by the state governments, never both

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13
Q

U1: Concurrent Powers

A

Shared between both national and state governments

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14
Q

U1: Mandates

A

Requirements by the national government of the states

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15
Q

U1: Revenue Sharing

A

National funding with almost no restrictions to the states on its use and is the least used form of funding

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16
Q

U1: Categorical Grant

A

National funding that is restricted to specific categories of expenditures, is preferred by the national government and is most common

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17
Q

U1: Block Grant

A

National funding with minimal restrictions to the states on its use and is preferred by the states

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18
Q

U1: Enumerated Power

A

Powers that are written in the Constitution

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19
Q

U1: Implied Power

A

Not specifically written in the Constitution but are inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause

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20
Q

U1: Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause

A

Gives Congress the power to make laws related to carrying out its enumerated powers, but Supreme Court interpretations can influence the extent of these powers

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21
Q

U1: Commerce Clause

A

Gives the national government the power to regulate interstate commerce, but Supreme Court interpretations can influence the extent of this power

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22
Q

U1: Amendment Process

A

Was established in Article V ; Entailed either a 2/3 vote in both houses or proposal from 2/3 of the state legislatures with final ratification determined by 3/4 of the states.

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23
Q

U1: Great Compromise

A

Made by a Constitutional Convention where states get equal representation in the Senate, and representation would be based on the population of the House.

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24
Q

U1: Supremacy Clause

A

Gives the national government and its laws general precedence over state laws, but Supreme Court interpretations may impact when specific actions exceed this constitutional power.

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25
Q

U2: Constituency

A

The residents of a congressional district or state ; taken from local populations to make decisions for while serving their house.

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26
Q

U2: Filibuster

A

A tactic to prolong debate and delay or prevent a vote on a bill.

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27
Q

U2: Discretionary Spending

A

Approved on an annual basis for defense spending, education, and infrastructure.

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28
Q

U2: Mandatory Spending

A

Required by law for entitlement programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid.

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29
Q

U2: Budget Deficit

A

A situation where the government’s spending is more than its revenues, or earnings through sources such as taxes.

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30
Q

U2: Pork Barrel Legislation

A

Funding for a local project in a larger appropriation bill.

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31
Q

U2: Logrolling

A

Combining several pieces of legislation into one bill to secure enough votes for passage (if you vote for my bill I will vote for yours)

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32
Q

U2: Gerrymandering

A

The practice of drawing district lines to favor a group over another.

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33
Q

U2: Redistricting

A

Redrawing congressional and legislative district lines in a state to create equal size populations for each House district.

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34
Q

U2: Reapportionment

A

Reassigning representation in congressional and state legislative districts based on population changes

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35
Q

U2: Divided Government

A

When one party controls the presidency and the other party controls at least one of the chambers of Congress.

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36
Q

U2: Trustee Model

A

Model of representation where representatives feel they can vote in a way that best represents their constituents.

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37
Q

U2: Delegate Model

A

Representatives act on the wills and wishes of their constituency.

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38
Q

U2: Politico Model

A

Combination of delegate and trustee where they balance constituent wishes and their own preference.

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39
Q

U2: Roles of the President

A

Formal Powers: vetoes to check Congress (can be overridden by 2/3 vote), foreign policy (commander-in-chief and treaties), executive orders
Informal Powers: foreign policy powers (executive agreements), signing statements

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40
Q

U2: Veto

A

A formal decision (pres. power) to reject a bill passed by Congress (can be overridden with a 2/3 majority vote)

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41
Q

U2: Executive Order

A

Allow the president to manage the federal government and don’t have to be approved by Congress

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42
Q

U2: Executive Agreement

A

Formal agreement between president and leaders of foreign nations, informal power of the president

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43
Q

U2: Signing Statement

A

Informal power of the president to inform Congress and the public of the president’s interpretation of laws passed by Congress and signed by the president.

44
Q

U2: Bully Pulpit

A

The president’s ability to use their position as the country’s leader to shape public opinion and drive the national conversation, use through media coverage

45
Q

U2: Stare Decisis

A

Legal doctrine under which courts follow legal precedents when deciding cases with similar facts.

46
Q

U2: Judicial Activism/Restraint

A

Activism: judicial review allows the courts to overturn current Constitutional and case precedent or invalidate legislative or executive acts.
Restraint: judicial review should be constrained to decisions that adhere to current Constitutional and case precedent.

47
Q

U2: Iron Triangle

A

Alliances of congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups that are prominent in specific policy areas

48
Q

U2: Congressional Oversight

A

Serves as a check of executive authorization to ensure they’re following the law and carrying out their responsibilities

49
Q

U2: Discretionary and Rulemaking Authority

A

Discretionary: allows federal bureaucracy to have some level of flexibility in decision-making
Rule-making: allows the federal bureaucracy to establish regulations that provide more specific guidance on how government programs should operate

50
Q

U3: Civil Liberties

A

Guarantees of personal freedom that government cannot restrict (such as exercising a right)

51
Q

U3: Civil Rights

A

Protection from racial, religious, gender, or other discrimination (14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause)

52
Q

U3: Symbolic Speech

A

Nonverbal action that communicates an idea or belief

53
Q

U3: Protected Speech

A

The right to express oneself freely without fear of government censorship or repression

54
Q

U3: Defamatory Speech

A

Language that harms the reputation of another including libel (written) or slander (spoken)

55
Q

U3: Selective Incorporation

A

Imposed limitations on state regulation of civil liberties by extending select protections of the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment’s due process clause

56
Q

U3: Due Process

A

Clause of the 14th Amendment that prohibits the government from depriving people of life, liberty, and property without due process of law

57
Q

U3: Equal Protection

A

Clause of the 14th Amendment that prohibits states from denying an individual equal protection of the laws within its jurisdiction, this is the basis for civil rights

58
Q

U3: Exclusionary Rule

A

Stipulates that evidence illegally seized by law enforcement officers in violation of the suspect’s 14th Amendment rights (right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures) cannot be used against the suspect in criminal trial

59
Q

U3: Miranda Rule

A

Requires the accused to be informed of some procedural protections found in the 5th and 6th Amendments prior to interrogation

60
Q

U3: Establishment Clause

A

Clause of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing any sort of official religion

61
Q

U3: Free Exercise Clause

A

Clause of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from stopping individuals from practicing their religion

62
Q

U3: Prior Restraint

A

Government action that prohibits speech or other expression before the speech happens ; allows government to review printed materials before publishing

63
Q

U3: Rights of the Accused

A

Amendments 4 (unreasonable searches and seizures), 5 (right to grand jury), 6 (right to public trial and lawyer), 8 (prohibits imposition of excessive fines, bail and cruel/unusual punishment), 14 (Equal Protection and Due Process)

64
Q

U4: Individualism

A

Each person has the ability to shape their life and destiny through the choices they make

65
Q

U4: Equality of Opportunity

A

All people are given an equal chance to compete

66
Q

U4: Free Enterprise

A

The market determines prices, products, and services

67
Q

U4: Rule of Law

A

Every person, even those in power, must follow and is accountable to the same laws that govern all

68
Q

U4: Political Socialization

A

The process by which individuals develop political beliefs, values, opinions, and behaviors influenced by family, school, peers, media, and social environments

69
Q

U4: Political Ideology

A

A person’s political beliefs and standpoint, which is determined by generational effects and lifestyle effects as well as major political events and socialization

70
Q

U4: Liberal

A

Generally favor more national government involvement to address social issues like education and public health and less responsibility to states

71
Q

U4: Conservative

A

Generally favor less national government involvement to address social issues such as education and public health and more responsibility to the states

72
Q

U4: Democrat

A

Tend to align with more Liberal ideologies

73
Q

U4: Republican

A

Tend to align with more Conservative ideologies

74
Q

U4: Libertarian

A

Generally favor little or no state or national government regulation of the marketplace beyond the protection of property rights and voluntary trade

75
Q

U4: Keynesian Economics

A

Supports an active role of the government in regulating the marketplace using monetary and fiscal policies to stabilize the economy

76
Q

U4: Supply Side Economics

A

Suggests the government should create a favorable business environment by cutting taxes and regulations to encourage investment on economic growth

77
Q

U4: Monetary Policy

A

Consists of actions taken by the Federal Reserve to influence interest rates which affect broader economic conditions (max employment and price stability)

78
Q

U4: Fiscal Policy

A

Consists of actions taken by Congress and the president to influence economic conditions and includes Keynesian and supply-side positions

79
Q

U4: Generational Effect

A

Experiences shared by people of a common age, which affect political ideologies

80
Q

U4: Life Cycle Effect

A

Experiences a person encounters during different life stages which affect political ideologies

81
Q

U4: Opinion Poll

A

Measuring public opinion on various issues

82
Q

U4: Tracking Poll

A

Following how views of a candidate change during a campaign

83
Q

U4: Benchmark Poll

A

Creating baseline views of a candidate

84
Q

U4: Exit Poll

A

Collecting data on why people voted the way they did

85
Q

U5: Rational Choice Voting

A

Individuals who base their decisions on what is perceived to be in their best interest

86
Q

U5: Retrospective Voting

A

Individuals who decide whether the party or candidate in power should be reelected based on the recent past or what they’ve done

87
Q

U5: Prospective Voting

A

Individuals who vote based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the future

88
Q

U5: Party-Line Voting

A

Individuals who vote for a candidate based on their affiliation with the party

89
Q

U5: Demographics

A

The study of a population based on factors such as race, age, religion, etc

90
Q

U5: Critical Elections

A

Elections in which there is a realignment of political party support among voters

91
Q

U5: Realignment

A

When people shift their political ideals to align with a different party

92
Q

U5: Proportional System

A

An election system where each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote

93
Q

U5: Winner-Take-All System

A

An election system where the candidate with the most votes wins

94
Q

U5: Party Coalition

A

An alliance of multiple groups who come together to form a working majority to control a government

95
Q

U5: Linkage Institution

A

Channels that allow individuals to communicate their preferences, such as political parties, interest groups, elections, and media

96
Q

U5: General Election

A

Elections where voters elect office holders

97
Q

U5: Midterm Election

A

Held two years after the 4 year Presidential election, which include all seats of the House and 33-34/100 seats of the Senate

98
Q

U5: Open/Closed Primary

A

Open: allow any registered voter to participate, regardless of party affiliation (tend to have higher participation)
Closed: requires voters to be registered members of a specific party

99
Q

U5: Party Caucus

A

Closed meetings of party members to select candidates or decide policy

100
Q

U5: Primary Election

A

Appoints delegates to a party conference or the presidential election

101
Q

U5: Incumbency Advantage

A

Benefits current officeholders possess over challengers

102
Q

U5: Bipartisan

A

Agreement of two political parties that usually oppose each other’s policies ; the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 was an effort to reduce attack ads

103
Q

U5: Political Action Committee

A

An organization that raises money privately to influence elections or legislation

104
Q

U5: Super PAC

A

Modern PAC that can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money from corporations, unions, individuals, and associations to influence the outcome of state/federal elections

105
Q

U5: Independent Expenditure

A

Political spending that expressly advocates for or against a specific candidate

106
Q

U5: Horse Race Journalism

A

The focus on polling data, public perception, and candidate differences rather than policy issues

107
Q
A

AP Government (2 decks)

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