ap gov chapter 3 vocabulary

Question 1

confederation

Answer 1

type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states

Question 2

Iroquois Confederacy

Answer 2

a political alliance of American Indian tribes established in the seventeenth century that featured aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the framers

Question 3

monarchy

Answer 3

a type of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society

Question 4

totalitarianism

Answer 4

a type of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regard to rights and liberties

Question 5

oligarchy

Answer 5

a form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement

Question 6

democracy

Answer 6

a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives

Question 7

federal government

Answer 7

a system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people

Question 8

unitary system

Answer 8

system of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government

Question 9

enumerated powers

Answer 9

the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article l, section 8 of the Constitution

Question 10

implied powers

Answer 10

the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause

Question 11

tenth amendment

Answer 11

the final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people

Question 12

reserved powers

Answer 12

powers reserved to the states by the tenth amendment that lie at the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens

Question 13

concurrent powers

Answer 13

powers shared by the national and state governments

Question 14

bill of attainder

Answer 14

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

Question 15

ex post facto law

Answer 15

law that makes an act punishable as a crime, even if the action was legal at the time it was committed

Question 16

full faith and credit clause

Answer 16

section of Article lV of the Constitution that assures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state

Question 17

privileges and immunities clause

Answer 17

part of Article lV of the Constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states

Question 18

extradition clause

Answer 18

part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial

Question 19

interstate compacts

Answer 19

contracts between states that carry the force of law, generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns

Question 20

Dillon’s Rule

Answer 20

a premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them

Question 21

charter

Answer 21

a document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government; charters for local governments must be approved by state governments

Question 22

counties

Answer 22

the basic administrative units of local government

Question 23

municipalities

Answer 23

city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas

Question 24

special district

Answer 24

a local government that is restricted to a particular function

Question 25

John Marshall

Answer 25

the longest-serving Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1801 to 1835 who’s decision in Marbury v. Madison established the principal of judicial review in the United States

Question 26

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Answer 26

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause; the Court’s broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Question 27

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Answer 27

the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce; the Court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Question 28

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

Answer 28

Supreme Court ruling that, before the Civil War, limited the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the federal government and not to the states

Question 29

Roger B. Taney

Answer 29

Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1835-1864; Taney supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era

Question 30

dual federalism

Answer 30

the belief that having separate equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism

Question 31

nullification

Answer 31

the belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law

Question 32

John C. Calhoun

Answer 32

a politician and political theorist from South Carolina who supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era and served as vice president from 1825-1832

Question 33

Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857)

Answer 33

a Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans; case heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War

Question 34

Civil War

Answer 34

the military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States between the Northern forces of the Union and the Southern forces of the Confederacy; over 600,000 Americans lost their lives during this war

Question 35

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 35

sixteenth president of the United States, the first elected Republican president, who served from 1861-1865; Lincoln, who led the Union during the Civil War, was assassinated in 1865 by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth

Question 36

secession

Answer 36

a unilateral assertion of independence by a geographic region within a country; the eleven Southern states making up the Confederacy during the Civil War seceded from the United States

Question 37

Confederate States of America

Answer 37

the political system created by the eleven states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War, which ceased to exist upon the Union victory

Question 38

Reconstruction

Answer 38

the period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War, in which the U.S. militarily occupied and dominated the eleven former states of the Confederacy

Question 39

Andrew Johnson

Answer 39

seventeenth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1865 to 1869; Johnson had served as Abraham Lincoln’s vice president and became president after Lincoln’s assassination

Question 40

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 40

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax

Question 41

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 41

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection by state legislatures

Question 42

Calvin Coolidge

Answer 42

thirtieth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1923 to 1929

Question 43

Herbert Hoover

Answer 43

thirty-first president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1929 to 1933 during the start of the Great Depression

Question 44

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

Answer 44

thirty-second president of the United States, a Democrat, who served from 1933 to 1945; FDR’s leadership took the United States through the Great Depression and World War ll

Question 45

New Deal

Answer 45

the name given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression

Question 46

cooperative federalism

Answer 46

the intertwined relationship between national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal; often referred to as marble-cake federalism

Question 47

progressive federalism

Answer 47

a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative

Question 48

Barack Obama

Answer 48

the first African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as forty-fourth president from 2009 to 2017; senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004

Question 49

categorical grants

Answer 49

grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose

Question 50

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

Answer 50

thirty-sixth president of the United States, a Democrat, who served from 1964-1969; LBJ led the nation during the Civil Rights era and the Vietnam War

Question 51

Great Society

Answer 51

reform program begun in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment relief

Question 52

Ronald Reagan

Answer 52

fourth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1981 to 1989; Reagan led the nation through the end of the Cold War and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism

Question 53

new federalism

Answer 53

federal-state relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980’s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments

Question 54

block grant

Answer 54

a large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines

Question 55

programmatic requests

Answer 55

federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district; also called earmarks