ap gov chapter 3 vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

confederation

A

type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states

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2
Q

Iroquois Confederacy

A

a political alliance of American Indian tribes established in the seventeenth century that featured aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the framers

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3
Q

monarchy

A

a type of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society

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4
Q

totalitarianism

A

a type of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regard to rights and liberties

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5
Q

oligarchy

A

a form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement

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6
Q

democracy

A

a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives

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7
Q

federal government

A

a system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people

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8
Q

unitary system

A

system of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government

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9
Q

enumerated powers

A

the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article l, section 8 of the Constitution

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10
Q

implied powers

A

the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause

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11
Q

tenth amendment

A

the final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people

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12
Q

reserved powers

A

powers reserved to the states by the tenth amendment that lie at the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens

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13
Q

concurrent powers

A

powers shared by the national and state governments

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14
Q

bill of attainder

A

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

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15
Q

ex post facto law

A

law that makes an act punishable as a crime, even if the action was legal at the time it was committed

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16
Q

full faith and credit clause

A

section of Article lV of the Constitution that assures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state

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17
Q

privileges and immunities clause

A

part of Article lV of the Constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states

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18
Q

extradition clause

A

part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial

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19
Q

interstate compacts

A

contracts between states that carry the force of law, generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns

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20
Q

Dillon’s Rule

A

a premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them

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21
Q

charter

A

a document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government; charters for local governments must be approved by state governments

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22
Q

counties

A

the basic administrative units of local government

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23
Q

municipalities

A

city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas

24
Q

special district

A

a local government that is restricted to a particular function

25
Q

John Marshall

A

the longest-serving Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1801 to 1835 who’s decision in Marbury v. Madison established the principal of judicial review in the United States

26
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause; the Court’s broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

27
Q

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

A

the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce; the Court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

28
Q

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

A

Supreme Court ruling that, before the Civil War, limited the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the federal government and not to the states

29
Q

Roger B. Taney

A

Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1835-1864; Taney supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era

30
Q

dual federalism

A

the belief that having separate equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism

31
Q

nullification

A

the belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law

32
Q

John C. Calhoun

A

a politician and political theorist from South Carolina who supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era and served as vice president from 1825-1832

33
Q

Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857)

A

a Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans; case heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War

34
Q

Civil War

A

the military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States between the Northern forces of the Union and the Southern forces of the Confederacy; over 600,000 Americans lost their lives during this war

35
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

sixteenth president of the United States, the first elected Republican president, who served from 1861-1865; Lincoln, who led the Union during the Civil War, was assassinated in 1865 by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth

36
Q

secession

A

a unilateral assertion of independence by a geographic region within a country; the eleven Southern states making up the Confederacy during the Civil War seceded from the United States

37
Q

Confederate States of America

A

the political system created by the eleven states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War, which ceased to exist upon the Union victory

38
Q

Reconstruction

A

the period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War, in which the U.S. militarily occupied and dominated the eleven former states of the Confederacy

39
Q

Andrew Johnson

A

seventeenth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1865 to 1869; Johnson had served as Abraham Lincoln’s vice president and became president after Lincoln’s assassination

40
Q

Sixteenth Amendment

A

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax

41
Q

Seventeenth Amendment

A

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection by state legislatures

42
Q

Calvin Coolidge

A

thirtieth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1923 to 1929

43
Q

Herbert Hoover

A

thirty-first president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1929 to 1933 during the start of the Great Depression

44
Q

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

A

thirty-second president of the United States, a Democrat, who served from 1933 to 1945; FDR’s leadership took the United States through the Great Depression and World War ll

45
Q

New Deal

A

the name given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression

46
Q

cooperative federalism

A

the intertwined relationship between national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal; often referred to as marble-cake federalism

47
Q

progressive federalism

A

a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative

48
Q

Barack Obama

A

the first African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as forty-fourth president from 2009 to 2017; senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004

49
Q

categorical grants

A

grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose

50
Q

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

A

thirty-sixth president of the United States, a Democrat, who served from 1964-1969; LBJ led the nation during the Civil Rights era and the Vietnam War

51
Q

Great Society

A

reform program begun in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment relief

52
Q

Ronald Reagan

A

fourth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1981 to 1989; Reagan led the nation through the end of the Cold War and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism

53
Q

new federalism

A

federal-state relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980’s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments

54
Q

block grant

A

a large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines

55
Q

programmatic requests

A

federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district; also called earmarks