AP Gov Chapter 1 Flashcards
Government:
The system for implementing decisions made through the political process
Factions:
Groups of like-minded people who try to influence the government. American government is setup to avoid domination by any one of these groups.
Separation of powers:
The division of government power across the judicial, executive, and legislative branches.
Check and balances:
A system in which each branch of government had some power over the others.
Federalism:
The division of power across the local, state, and national levels of government.
Public Goods:
Services or actions ( such as protecting the environment) that, once provided to one person, becomes avaiable to everyone. Government is typically needed to provide public goods because they will be provided by the free market.
Collective Action Problems:
Situations in which the members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work.
Free Rider Problem:
The incentive to benefit from others’ without making a contribution, which leads individuals in a collective action situation to refuse to work together,
Politics:
The process that determines what government does.
Free Market:
An economic system based on competition among businesses without government interference.
Economic Individualism:
The autonomy of individuals to manage their own financial decisions without government interference.
Redistributive Tax Policies:
Policies, generally favored by Democratic politicians, that use taxation to attempt to create greater social equality for example, higher taxation of the rich to provide programs for the poor).
Culture Wars:
Political conflict in the United States between “red-state” America, who tend to have strong religious beliefs, and “blue-state” Americans, who tend to be more secular.
Ideology:
A cohesive set ideas and beliefs used to organise and evaluate the political world
Conservative:
One side of the ideological spectrum defined by support for lower taxes, a free market, and a more-limited government; generally associated with republicans.
Liberal:
One side of the ideological spectrum defined by support for stronger government programs and more market regulations; generally associated with Democrats.
Libertarians
Those who prefer limited government and therefore tend to be conservative on issues such as welfare policy, environmental policy, and public support for education, but liberal on issues of personal liberty such as free speech, abortion, and legalization of drugs.
Liberty:
Political freedom, such as the freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. These and other legal due process rights protecting individuals from government control are outlined in the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution.
Democracy
Government by the people. In most contexts, this means representative democracy on which the people elect leaders to enact policies. Democracies must have fair elections with at least two alternatives.
Equality:
In the context of American politics, equality means equality before the law, political equality (one person, one vote), and equality of opportunity (the equal chance for everyone to realize their potential), but nor material equality (equal income or wealth).
