AP GOV CH.4 FLASHCARDS- EDDY RAMIREZ

Question 1

The Crown v. Zenger

Answer 1

legal case in the colony of New York that is considered a precursor to free press provisions in the Constitution.

Question 2

civil liberties

Answer 2

personal guarantees and freedoms that he gov can’t abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation.

Question 3

civil rights

Answer 3

gov-protected right of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by govs or individuals.

Question 4

Bill of Rights

Answer 4

first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties.

Question 5

Ninth Amendment

Answer 5

makes clear that enumerating rights in the Constitution or Bill of Rights doesn’t meant that others don’t exist.

Question 6

Tenth Amendment

Answer 6

defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers bot delegated to the national gov are reserved to the states or to the people.

Question 7

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 7

extends the “equal protection of the law” to all citizens

Question 8

due process clause

Answer 8

clause constructed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals.

Question 9

substantive due process

Answer 9

protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal law.

Question 10

sedition laws

Answer 10

make it illegal to speak or write any political criticism that threaten to diminish respect for the government, its laws, or public officials.

Question 11

Gitlow v. New York

Answer 11

extended the First Amendment’s protections of freedom of speech and of the press to the state governments.

Question 12

incorporation doctrine

Answer 12

interpretation of the Constitution holding that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires stat and local gov to guarantee the rights stated in the Bill of Rights.

Question 13

selective incorporation

Answer 13

protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 14

fundamental freedoms

Answer 14

rights defined by the Court as essential to order, liberty, and justice and therefore entitled to the highest standard of review

Question 15

Warren Court

Answer 15

period in Supreme Court history during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice, noted for its many ruling expanding civil liberties and civil rights

Question 16

Earl Warren

Answer 16

fourteenth Chief Justice of the U.S. who served from 1953-1969 and led the Court through an important liberal phase

Question 17

First Amendment

Answer 17

imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to civil liberties, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Question 18

establishment clause

Answer 18

first clause of the First Amendment it directs the national government not to sanction an official religion.

Question 19

free exercise clause

Answer 19

second clause of the First Amendment which prohibits the U.S. gov from interfering with a citizen’s right to practice religion.

Question 20

Lemon Test

Answer 20

three-part test created by the Supreme Court for examining the constitutionality of religious establishment issues.

Question 21

prior restraint

Answer 21

constitutional doctrine that prevents the gov from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact

Question 22

Alien and Sedition Act

Answer 22

A series of laws known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote.

Question 23

abolitionist

Answer 23

a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

Question 24

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 24

Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman, politician, and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.

Question 25

Espionage Act

Answer 25

The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code but is now found under Title 18, Crime

Question 26

clear and present danger test

Answer 26

Clear and present danger was a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly.

Question 27

direct incitement test

Answer 27

direct incitement test. Definition. Brandenbrug vs Ohio, that holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by the 1st amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.

Question 28

New York Times Co. v. U.S. (1971)

Answer 28

New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the First Amendment. The ruling made it possible for The New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment.

Question 29

symbolic speech

Answer 29

DescriptionSymbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

Question 30

hate speech

Answer 30

abusive or threatening speech or writing that expresses prejudice against a particular group, especially on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation. "we don't tolerate any form of hate speech"

Question 31

Occupy Wall Street

Answer 31

was a left-wing protest movement that began on September 17, 2011, in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district, against economic inequality.

Question 32

Black Lives Matter

Answer 32

is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people.

Question 33

libel

Answer 33

a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.

Question 34

slander

Answer 34

the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.

Question 35

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Answer 35

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that established the actual malice standard that must be met for press reports about public officials to be considered libel. The decision defended free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States.

Question 36

fighting words

Answer 36

words expressing an insult, especially of an ethnic, racial, or sexist nature.

Question 37

Miller v. California (1973)

Answer 37

Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court wherein the court redefined its definition of obscenity from that of "utterly without socially redeeming value" to that which lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value".

Question 38

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)

Answer 38

De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies to freedom of assembly.

Question 39

18th amendment

Answer 39

The Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of "intoxicating liquors" in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919

Question 40

writs of habeas corpus

Answer 40

Habeas corpus is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

Question 41

ex post facto law

Answer 41

An ex post facto law is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law.

Question 42

bill of attainder

Answer 42

A bill of attainder is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial.

Question 43

due process rights

Answer 43

Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it.

Question 44

Fourth Amendment

Answer 44

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Question 45

5th amendment

Answer 45

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights

Question 46

grand jury

Answer 46

a jury, typically of twenty-three people, selected to examine the validity of an accusation before trial.

Question 47

Miranda v Arizona

Answer 47

DescriptionMiranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court. In a 5–4 majority, the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response

Question 48

Miranda Rights

Answer 48

DescriptionIn the United States, the Miranda warning is a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody advising them of their right to silence; that is, their right to refuse to answer questions or provide information to law enforcement or other officials.

Question 49

Burger Court

Answer 49

DescriptionThe Burger Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States.

Question 50

Warren E. Burger

Answer 50

DescriptionWarren Earl Burger was the 15th Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1986. Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Burger graduated from the St. Paul College of Law in 1931. He helped secure the Minnesota delegation's support for Dwight D. Eisenhower at the 1952 Republican National Convention

Question 51

Tenth Amendment

Answer 51

The Tenth Amendment, or Amendment X of the United States Constitution is the section of the Bill of Rights that basically says that any power that is not given to the federal government is given to the people or the states.

Question 52

The Crown v. Zenger (1735)

Answer 52

Zenger printed The New York Weekly Journal. He was accused of libel in 1734 by William Cosby, the royal governor of New York, but the jury acquitted Zenger, who became a symbol for freedom of the press. ... After a grand jury refused to indict him, the Attorney General Richard Bradley charged him with libel in August 1735.

Question 53

undue burden test

Answer 53

In the field of reproductive rights, having the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a fetus that is not yet viable. Laws that impose an undue burden on a fundamental right are unconstitutional under current Supreme Court cases.

Question 54

Warren Court

Answer 54

The Warren Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice. Warren replaced the deceased Fred M. Vinson as Chief Justice in 1953, and Warren remained in office until he retired in 1969.

Question 55

Warren E. Burger

Answer 55

DescriptionWarren Earl Burger was the 15th Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1986. Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Burger graduated from the St. Paul College of Law in 1931. He helped secure the Minnesota delegation's support for Dwight D. Eisenhower at the 1952 Republican National Convention.

Question 56

Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)

Answer 56

DescriptionWhole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, 579 U.S. ___, is a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided on June 27, 2016. The Court ruled 5–3 that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an undue burden for women seeking an abortion.

Question 57

writ of habeas corpus

Answer 57

DescriptionHabeas corpus is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

Question 58

14th amendment

Answer 58

DescriptionThe Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.

Question 59

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

Answer 59

DescriptionNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that established the actual malice standard that must be met for press reports about public officials to be considered libel. The decision defended free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States.

Question 60

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 60

The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of "intoxicating liquors" in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919.

Question 61

Fourth Amendment

Answer 61

The Fourth Amendment was part of the Bill of Rights that was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791. It protects people from unlawful searches and seizures. This means that the police can't search you or your house without a warrant or probable cause. From the Constitution.