AP GOV CH 5 Vocab for Mrs.Beason ; Nicholas Esposito

Question 1

Abolitionist

Answer 1

a supporter of ending the institution of slavery

Question 2

Affirmative Action

Answer 2

policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group

Question 3

Americans With Disabilities Act

Answer 3

federal legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities

Question 4

Brown V. Board of Education

Answer 4

landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Question 5

Cesar Chavez

Answer 5

labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s

Question 6

Civil Rights

Answer 6

the government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals

Question 7

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 7

a law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from China

Question 8

Civil Rights act of 1964

Answer 8

passed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to African Americans, granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions

Question 9

Dolores Huerta

Answer 9

labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s

Question 10

Dred Scott V Sandford

Answer 10

a Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans, heightened tensions between the North and South and led to the Civil War

Question 11

Dwight D. Eisennhower

Answer 11

the 34th president, a Republican, who served from 1953-1961; he commanded the Allied Forces during World War II

Question 12

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 12

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945; she championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights

Question 13

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 13

leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention, she later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B. Anthony

Question 14

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 14

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War; it freed all slaves in states that were active in the rebellion against the United States

Question 15

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 15

legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Question 16

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 16

section of the 14th Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive equal protection of the laws

Question 17

Equal Rights Ammendment

Answer 17

proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex.”

Question 18

Fifteenth Ammendment

Answer 18

one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 19

Fourteenth Ammendment

Answer 19

one of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens

Question 20

Fredrick Douglass

Answer 20

a former slave born in the 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist

Question 21

Grandfather Clause

Answer 21

voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test

Question 22

Harriet Tubman

Answer 22

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, she escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad where she led more than seventy people to freedom in the North, served in the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage

Question 23

Harry S. Truman

Answer 23

the 33rd president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953, he became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War

Question 24

Intermediate Standard of Review

Answer 24

a standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective; gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review

Question 25

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 25

laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations

Question 26

John F. Kennedy

Answer 26

the 35th president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in the U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War; he was assassinated November 22, 1963

Question 27

Korematsu V U.S

Answer 27

a Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. government to require mass internment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II

Question 28

Laurence V. Texas

Answer 28

a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 29

League of United Latin American Citizens

Answer 29

an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin

Question 30

LGBT Community

Answer 30

a minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people

Question 31

Lucreita Mott

Answer 31

leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention

Question 32

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 32

a Baptist minister, proponent of non-violence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s; he was assassinated on April 4, 1968

Question 33

Mexican American Legal Defense And educational fund

Answer 33

an organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense ans Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage

Question 34

National American Womens Suffrage Association

Answer 34

organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations

Question 35

National Association For the Advancement of Colored Peoples

Answer 35

an important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans

Question 36

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Answer 36

the legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. the Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases

Question 37

National Organization for Women

Answer 37

the leading activist group of the women's rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s

Question 38

National Womens Party

Answer 38

a militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century; members of the party were arrested, jailed, and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women

Question 39

Nineteenth Ammendment

Answer 39

amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote

Question 40

Obergefell V Hodges

Answer 40

a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Question 41

Plessy V Ferguson

Answer 41

Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statue requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites;the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 42

Poll Tax

Answer 42

taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot

Question 43

Progressive Era

Answer 43

a period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States

Question 44

Rational Basis Standard of review

Answer 44

a standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists; legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review

Question 45

Rosa Parks

Answer 45

a leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century; she was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Question 46

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 46

the first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic "Declaration of Sentiments" calling for equal rights for women

Question 47

Separate but equal doctrine

Answer 47

the central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution, was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century

Question 48

Standards of review

Answer 48

the levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics; they stem from the Court's need to ensure that laws do not undermine the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause

Question 49

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 49

a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice; legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review

Question 50

Suffrage movement

Answer 50

the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920

Question 51

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 51

19th century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman's Party (NWP) helped to ensure the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

Question 52

Suspect Classifications

Answer 52

category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court

Question 53

Thirteenth Ammendment

Answer 53

one of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States

Question 54

Title IX

Answer 54

provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students

Question 55

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 55

a leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP's Legal Defense and Educational Fund; he was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 to 1991

Question 56

United States V Winsdor

Answer 56

a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of "marriage" and "spouse" to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment