AP Gov Ch. 5 Chris Bauder Flashcards
Harriet Tubman
born a slave in maryland in the early 1820s, tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the underground railroad.
abolitionist
a supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery
civil rights
the government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals
equal protection clause
section of the fourteenth amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”
frederick douglas
a former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist
elizabeth cady stanton
leading nineteenth century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with lucretia mott, organized the seneca falls convention
lucretia mott
leading nineteenth century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with elizabeth cady stanton, organized the seneca falls convention
seneca falls convention
the first major feminist meeting, held in the New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “declaration of sentiments” calling for equal rights of women
dred scott v. sandford (1857)
a supreme court decision that ruled the missouri compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved african americans
emmancipation proclamation
president abraham lincoln issued this proclamation on january 1, 1863, in the third year of the civil war. freed the slaves in the united states
thirteenth amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically bans slavery in the united states
fourteenth amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all u.s. citizens
fifteenth amendment
on of three major amendments ratified after the civil war, specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
susan b. anthony
nineteenth century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the national women suffrage association with elizabeth cady stanton.
civil rights act of 1875
passed by congress to enforce the fourteenth amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to african americans
jim crow laws
laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations
poll taxes
taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot
grandfather clause
voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
progressive era
a period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the united states
plessy v. ferguson
supreme court case that challenged a lousiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites
separate-but-equal doctrine
the central tenet of the plessy v. ferguson decision that claimed that separate but equal did not violate the constitution.
NAACP
an important rights organization founded in 1909 to opppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against african americans
NAWSA
organization created by joining the national and american woman suffrage associations
suffrage movement
the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the united states in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the nineteenth amendment
national woman’s party
a militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. members of the nwp were arrested, jailed, and even force fed by authorities when they went on hungrer strikes
nineteenth amendment
amendment to the constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote
NAACP Legal Defense and educational fund
the legal arm of the naacp that successfully litigated the landmark case of brown v. board of education and a host of other key civil rights
thurgood marshall
a leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the naacp’s legal defense and educational fund.
harry s truman
the thirty-third president, a democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. truman became president when franklin d roosevelt died in office; he led the united states through the end of world war 2 and start of the cold war.
brown v. board of education
u.s. supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law
dwight d. eisenhower
the thirty-fourth president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. eisenhower commanded allied forces during world war 2.
rosa parks
a leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century, parks was most notably involved with the montgomery bus boycott
martin luther king jr.
a baptist minsiter, proponent of non-violence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. he was assassinated on april 4, 1968
John F. Kennedy
the 35th president, a democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the cold war
civil rights act of 1964
wide ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting
national organization for women
the leading activist group of the women’s rights and movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.
eleanor roosevelt
first lady of the united states from 1933 to 1945. roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’ first delegate to the united nations general assembly.
equal pay act of 1963
legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work
title IX
provision of the education amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students
equal rights amendment
proposed amendment to the constitution that states “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or any state on account of sex.”
league of united latin american citizens
an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, american of hispanic origin
cesar chavez
labor organizer who, with dolores huerta, founded the united farmers union in the 60s
dolores huerta
labor organizer who, with cesar chavez, founded the united farm workers union in the 60s
mexican american legal defense and educational fund
an organization modeled on the naacp legal defense and educational fund that works to protect the civil rights of americans of mexican and other hispanic heritage
chinese exclusion act
a law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the u.s. from china
korematsu v. u.s.
a supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the us government to required mass internment of people of japanese ancestry living in the U.S.
LGBT community
a minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people
lawrence v. texas (2003)
a 2003 supreme court ruling that antisodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy
united states v. windsor (2003)
a supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 defense of marriage act (DOMA), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages
obergefell v. hodges (2015)
supreme court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution
americans with disabilities act
a law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accomodations and access for people with a wide range of disabilities
standards of review
the levels of deference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics
suspect classifications
category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court
strict scrutiny
a heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice.
affirmative action
policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group
