AP GOV CH 12

Question 1

501 (C) group

Answer 1

Groups that are exempted from reporting their contributions and can receive unlimited contributions. Section 501c of the tax code specifies that such groups cannot spend more than half their funds on political activities

Question 2

527 Politician Committees

Answer 2

Independent political groups that are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly seek the election of particular candidates. Section 527 of the tax code specifies that contributions to such groups must be reported to the IRS

Question 3

Barack Obama

Answer 3

Barack Hussein Obama II is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008.

Question 4

Bernie Sanders

Answer 4

Born in 1941, politician Bernie Sanders started out his political career as the mayor of Burlington, Vermont in the early ’80s. He served four terms as the leader of Vermont’s biggest city from 1981 to 1989. Sanders then moved on to the national political arena by winning a seat in the House of Representatives. From 1991 to 2007, he distinguished himself as one of the country’s few independent legislators. In 2007, Sanders won election to the U.S. Senate and was reelected in 2012. He announced his plans to run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2015. Despite defying all expectations and drawing a huge progressive movement, avid supporters and grassroots financing during his campaign, he eventually lost the nomination to Hillary Clinton.

Question 5

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

Answer 5

banned soft money contributions to national political parties from corporations and unions; independent expenditures by corporations, labor unions, trade associations, and nonprofit organizations are sharply restricted, The elimination of “soft money

Question 6

Campaign Consultant

Answer 6

a private-sector professional who sells to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get that candidate elected

Question 7

Campaign Manager

Answer 7

individual who travels with the candidate and coordinates the many different aspects of the campaign.

Question 8

Citizens United v. FEC

Answer 8

A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering
by non profits, for-profit corporations, labor unions and other associations.

Question 9

Closed Primary

Answer 9

Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decided on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests

Question 10

Communications Director

Answer 10

the person who develops the overall media strategy for the candidate, blending free press coverage with paid TV, radio, and mail media

Question 11

Contrast Ad

Answer 11

Positive Ads. Advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate’s qualifications, family, and issue positions, without reference to the opponent. Negative Ads. Advertising on behalf of a candidate that attacks the opponent’s platform or character. Contrast Ads.

Question 12

Conventional Political Participation

Answer 12

political participation that attempts to influence the political process through well-accepted, often moderate forms of persuasion

Question 13

Crossover Voting

Answer 13

Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated.

Question 14

Donald J. Trump

Answer 14

Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States who took office January 20, 2017. Previously, he was a real estate mogul, and a former reality TV star. Born in Queens, New York, in 1971 Trump became involved in large, profitable building projects in Manhattan. In 1980, he opened the Grand Hyatt New York, which made him the city’s best-known developer. In 2004, Trump began starring in the hit NBC reality series The Apprentice, which also spawned the offshoot The Celebrity Apprentice. Trump turned his attention to politics, and in 2015 he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on the Republican ticket. After winning a majority of the primaries and caucuses, Trump became the official Republican candidate for president on July 19, 2016. That November, Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States, after defeating Democratic candidate clinton

Question 15

Elector

Answer 15

people elected by the voters in a presidential election as members of the electoral college

Question 16

Electorate

Answer 16

the citizens eligible to vote

Question 17

Electorate College

Answer 17

a body of individuals which elect the President and Vice President of the United States. The Constitution created this body, which consists of gatherings of state electors in each state to formally cast their ballots for a candidate for whom they have pledged to vote. Today, the Electoral College is basically a formality. In the past, however, on four occasions, a president was elected based on the electoral college, even though he lost the popular vote

Question 18

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

Answer 18

A law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission, provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.

Question 19

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

Answer 19

law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.

Question 20

Finance Chair

Answer 20

a professional who coordinates the fund-raising efforts for the campaign

Question 21

Front Loading

Answer 21

the recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention

Question 22

General Election

Answer 22

election for an office, such as for a state governor.

Question 23

Get-out-the-vote (GOTV)

Answer 23

GOTV push at the end of a campaign to encourage supporters to go to polls

Question 24

Help America Vote Act (HAVA)

Answer 24

Passed in 2002, designed to create a more uniform voting system. Afforded states to shift from older voting machines to the touch screens used in most states today

Question 25

Hillary R. Clinton

Answer 25

Hillary Clinton was born on October 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois, going on to earn her law degree from Yale University. She married fellow law school graduate Bill Clinton in 1975. She later served as first lady from 1993 to 2001, and then as a U.S. senator from 2001 to 2009. In early 2007, Clinton announced her plans to run for the presidency. During the 2008 Democratic primaries, she conceded the nomination when it became apparent that Barack Obama held a majority of the delegate vote. After winning the national election, Obama appointed Clinton secretary of state. She was sworn in as part of his cabinet in January 2009 and served until 2013. In the spring of 2015, she announced her plans to run again for the U.S. presidency. In 2016, she became the first woman in U.S. history to become the presidential nominee of a major political party. After a polarizing campaign against GOP candidate Donald Trump, Clinton was defeated in the general election that November.

Question 26

Incumbency

Answer 26

Someone already holding office.

Question 27

Independent Expenditures

Answer 27

The Supreme Court has ruled that individuals, groups, and parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidates. When an individual, group, or party does so, they are making an independent expenditure.

Question 28

Initiative

Answer 28

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

Question 29

Inoculation ad

Answer 29

Advertising that attempts to counteract and anticipated attack from the opposition before the attack is launched.

Question 30

Mandate

Answer 30

Requirements that direct states and local governments to provide additional services under the threat of penalties or as a condition of the the receipt of federal grant money. For example the drinking age within states.

Question 31

Matching funds

Answer 31

Donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises.

Question 32

McCutcheon v. FEC

Answer 32

McCutcheon v. FEC is a Supreme Court case in which a narrow 5-4 majority struck down the limit on the total amount that one wealthy donor is permitted to contribute to all federal candidates, parties, and political action committees (PACs) combined.

Question 33

mid-term election

Answer 33

an election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term; midterm elections tend to have much lower voter turnout than presidential elections and often result in the loss of congressional seats for the president’s party.

Question 34

Negative ad

Answer 34

political campaign advertising, usually on television, in which candidates criticize the opponents rather than emphasizing their own platforms..PM

Question 35

open primary

Answer 35

Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for the party’s candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty

Question 36

political action committee (PAC)

Answer 36

Political funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest groups can create it and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will meticulously monitor it’s expenditures

Question 37

Pollster

Answer 37

a person who conducts or analyzes opinion polls.

Question 38

Positive ad

Answer 38

Advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate’s qualifications, family, and issue positions, without reference to the opponent. ..PM

Question 39

Presidential ad

Answer 39

In politics, campaign advertising is the use of an advertising campaign through the media to influence a political debate, and ultimately, voters. These ads are designed by political consultants and political campaign staff. Many countries restrict the use of broadcast media to broadcast political messaging.

Question 40

Presidential coattails

Answer 40

these occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president’s party because they support the president.

Question 41

Press secretary

Answer 41

one of the president’s top assistants who is in charge of media relations

Question 42

Primary Election

Answer 42

An election intended to select a party’s candidates for elective office

Question 43

Prospective judgment

Answer 43

a voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected

Question 44

public funds

Answer 44

donations from the general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates

Question 45

reapportionment

Answer 45

The process by which congressional districts are redrawn and seats are redistributed among states in the House. Reapportionment occurs every ten years, when census data reports shifts in the population of districts. Each district must have an equal number of residents

Question 46

recall

Answer 46

The process for removing an elected official from office

Question 47

referendum

Answer 47

A referendum is an election device in which a law can be either accepted or repealed based on the popular vote of people. In this process, voters can reject or accept a law or statute passed by a legislature by taking a popular vote on the issue.

Question 48

retrospective judgment

Answer 48

A voter’s evaluation of the performance of the party in power.

Question 49

runoff primary

Answer 49

A primary in which, to be successful, the candidate must receive a majority of all votes cast in that race

Question 50

super PAC

Answer 50

political-action committee that is allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money from corporations, unions, individuals and associations. Some nonprofit groups are allowed to contribute to super PACs without disclosing where their money came from; The most important difference between a super PAC and traditional candidate PAC is in who can contribute, and in how much they can give.

Question 51

turnout

Answer 51

Voter Behavior and Participation. FLASHCARDS. Voter Turnout. The percentage of eligible votes who cast a ballot in an election.

Question 52

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 52

Principle drafter of the Declaration of Independence; second vice president of the United States; third president of the United Sates from 1801 to 1809. Co-founder of the Democratic Republican Party created to oppose Federalists

Question 53

Unconventional Political Participation

Answer 53

Relatively uncommon political behavior that challenges or defies established institutions and dominant norms

Question 54

Voter Canvass

Answer 54

process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door-to-door solicitation or by telephone VOLUNTEER