AP Gov cases Flashcards
What doctrine was established in Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
Judicial review for the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional acts
This case established the principle that the Supreme Court could invalidate laws that it found to be in conflict with the Constitution.
What was the main issue in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?
Federal banks and state taxation
The case affirmed that states cannot tax the federal government and established the ‘necessary and proper’ clause.
What was the ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)?
Dred Scott was not a US citizen and could not sue for freedom
This case defined citizenship and upheld the status of slaves as property.
What did Schenck v. United States (1919) pertain to?
Violation of the Espionage Act and first amendment rights
The Supreme Court ruled that free speech can be limited during wartime.
What did Korematsu v. United States (1944) address?
Internment of Japanese Americans during wartime
The Supreme Court upheld the internment as justified, citing wartime necessity.
What significant decision came from Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
Separate but equal doctrine was declared unconstitutional
This case determined that segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
What violation was found in Mapp v. Ohio (1961)?
Unreasonable search and seizure under the 4th amendment
Evidence obtained without a proper warrant was ruled inadmissible.
What was the issue in Engel v. Vitale (1962)?
Government-sponsored prayer in schools
The Supreme Court ruled that this practice violated the establishment clause of the first amendment.
What did Baker v. Carr (1962) address regarding redistricting?
Redistricting must match census population
The case emphasized the importance of equal representation in voting.
What was the outcome of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)?
Right to legal representation under the 6th amendment
The Supreme Court ruled that states are required to provide counsel to defendants who cannot afford it.
What rights were established in Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?
Miranda Rights must be read during arrest
This case ensured that individuals are informed of their rights to silence and legal counsel.
What was the ruling in Loving v. Virginia (1967)?
Interracial marriage was protected under the 14th amendment
The Supreme Court ruled that laws banning interracial marriage were unconstitutional.
What was the significance of Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)?
Students retain first amendment rights in schools
The Court ruled that wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam War was a form of protected speech.
What did New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) address?
Prior restraint of the press
The Supreme Court ruled that the government could not prevent publication of classified information unless it posed a clear and present danger.
What was the ruling in Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)?
Religious freedom must be considered in school attendance laws
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Amish families who sought to limit their children’s education for religious reasons.
What was established in Roe v. Wade (1973)?
Abortion is a constitutional right under the 9th and 14th amendments
The case recognized a woman’s right to privacy in making medical decisions.
What was the outcome of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?
Quota systems in admissions were banned, but race can be a factor
This case allowed for affirmative action while prohibiting rigid quotas.
What was the ruling in Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)?
Schools can limit student speech in school-sponsored activities
The Court ruled that schools have the authority to regulate content in school newspapers.
What was the significance of Texas v. Johnson (1989)?
Flag burning is protected as free speech under the first amendment
The Supreme Court ruled that expressive conduct is protected speech.
What was the ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993)?
Racial gerrymandering violates equal protection
The Supreme Court ruled against drawing districts based solely on race.
What did United States v. Lopez (1995) address?
Federal government cannot prohibit 2nd amendment rights in schools
The Court ruled that the Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded Congressional authority under the commerce clause.
What was the outcome of Bush v. Gore (2000)?
Varying standards for recounting votes violated equal protection
The Court’s decision effectively awarded the presidency to George W. Bush.
What was established in McDonald v. Chicago (2010)?
The right to bear arms is applicable to state laws
The Court ruled that the 14th amendment extends the 2nd amendment’s protections to individuals against state laws.
What was the ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)?
Political speech by corporations is protected under the first amendment
The Supreme Court ruled that restrictions on independent expenditures by corporations were unconstitutional.
What was the outcome of Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)?
Same-sex marriage is a constitutional right under the 14th amendment
The ruling ensured marriage equality across the United States.
What did Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) establish?
Discrimination based on gender identity is prohibited under the Civil Rights Act
The Supreme Court ruled that firing individuals due to their sexual orientation or gender identity constitutes sex discrimination.
What was the ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)?
Roe v. Wade was overturned, allowing states to regulate abortion
The Court sided with Mississippi, stating there is no constitutional right to abortion.
