ap glossary flash cards
1
Q
Active Voice
A
- The subject of the sentence performs the action.
2
Q
Active Voice
A
“Anthony drove while Toni searched for the house.”
3
Q
Active Voice
A
It helps make the text more life like.
4
Q
Allusion
A
An indirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar.
5
Q
Allusion
A
literary text
6
Q
Allusion
A
give a deeper meaning to a story by referring to another piece of work that most are familiar with.
7
Q
Alter-ego
A
A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts; when an author
speaks directly to the audience through a character.
8
Q
Alter-ego
A
In Shakespeare’s last play, The Tempest, Shakespeare
talks to his audience about his own upcoming retirement, through the main character in the play, Prospero.
9
Q
Alter-ego
A
it brings personality to the text.
10
Q
Anecdote
A
A brief recounting of a relevant episode.
11
Q
Anecdote
A
Anecdotes are often inserted into fictional or non
fictional texts
12
Q
Anecdote
A
a way of developing a point or injecting humor.
13
Q
Antecedent
A
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
14
Q
Antecedent
A
“If I
could command the wealth of all the world by lifting my finger, I would not pay such a price for it.”
15
Q
Antecedent
A
it helps when the pronouns are getting repetitive.
16
Q
Classicism
A
Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional
themes and structures
17
Q
Classicism
A
Examples of this appeal to classicism included Dante, Petrarch, and Shakespeare in poetry and theatre.
18
Q
Classicism
A
it opens up a perspective to different worlds and historical perspectives.
19
Q
Comic relief
A
when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story,
20
Q
Comic relief
A
The “gatekeeper scene” in Macbeth is an example of comic relief.
21
Q
Comic relief
A
in order to lighten the mood
somewhat.
22
Q
Diction
A
Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types of words have significant effects
on meaning.
23
Q
Diction
A
An essay written in academic diction would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise
than street slang.
24
Q
Diction
A
This shows significance on specific parts of the text and can show how important things are.
25
Colloquial
Ordinary or familiar type of conversation. A “colloquialism” is a common or
familiar type of saying, similar to an adage or an aphorism.
26
Colloquial
ya'll is an example of colloquial
27
Colloquial
it helps people understand what is being said in a more modern way.
28
Connotation
the associations suggested by a
| word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning.
29
Connotation
“policeman,” “cop,” and “The
| Man”
30
Connotation
connotation helps people know what youre talking about if you do not know the literal meaning of a word but you know the connotation.
31
Denotation
The literal, explicit meaning of a word, without its connotations.
32
Denotation
The girl was blue. You mean the girl was quite literally the color blue.
33
Denotation
This shows the straight to the point words with no down play.
34
Jargon
The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.
35
Jargon
Lawyers
| speak using particular jargon, as do soccer players.
36
Jargon
This helps the readers with the same interest understand what is being said
37
Vernacular
1. Language or dialect of a particular country. 2. Language or dialect of a regional
clan or group. 3. Plain everyday speech
38
Vernacular
The way you sound talking
39
Vernacular
This shows were the author is from in a sort.
40
Didactic
A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or
provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
41
Didactic
Pilgrim’s Progress (By John Bunyan)
42
Didactic
the idea that different forms of art and literature ought to convey information and instructions, along with pleasure and entertainment.
43
Adage
A folk saying with a lesson.
44
Adage
"A penny saved is a penny earned."
45
Adage
this is important to text because it's a sweet and short lesson that isn't hard to understand, its more likely to be used
46
Allegory
A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts.
47
Allegory
Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is an allegory.
48
Allegory
The interaction of these characters, things, and events is meant to reveal an
abstraction or a truth.
49
Aphorism
A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.
50
Aphorism
“God helps them that help themselves,”
51
Aphorism
principle. An aphorism
| can be a memorable summation of the author's point.
52
Ellipsis
The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author. “The
53
Ellipsis
“The whole
| day, rain, torrents of rain.”
54
Ellipsis
used to show
| omitted text in a quotation.
55
Euphemism
A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.
56
Euphemism
“Physically challenged,” in place of “crippled.”
57
Euphemism
this places more emphasis on the word/situation
58
Figurative Language
the opposite:
| writing that is not meant to be taken literally.
59
Figurative Language
Simile.
Metaphor.
Personification.
Onomatopoeia.
60
Figurative Language
They bring more actions to the text or speech
61
Analogy
An analogy is a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.
62
Analogy
“America is to the world as the
| hippo is to the jungle.”
63
Analogy
it brings in a way of saying things and comparing them.
64
Hyperbole
exxageration
65
Hyperbole
“My mother will kill me if I am late.”
66
Hyperbole
this brings focus to a part if the text and makes the situation seem bigger.
67
Idiom
A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.
68
Idiom
“I got
| chewed out by my coach.”
69
Idiom
this brings a funniness to the text
70
Metaphor
Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words.
71
Metaphor
“My feet
| are popsicles.”
72
Metaphor
help the reader understand something they otherwise might not have
73
Metonymy
Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.
74
Metonymy
“Relations
| between London and Washington have been strained,”
75
Metonymy
Metonymy allows us to make a closely related substitute to add interest.
76
Synecdoche
A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa.
77
Synecdoche
“The cattle rancher owned 500 head.”
78
Synecdoche
Synecdoches allow speakers to emphasize certain parts of a whole, highlighting their importance by substituting them for the whole
79
Simile
Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very different things.
80
Simile
“My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles.”
81
Simile
Similes make descriptions vivid by comparing their subjects with known events or things.
82
Synesthesia
a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”
83
Synesthesia
“A purplish scent
| filled the room.”
84
Synesthesia
is a neat way to study differences in perception
85
Personification
Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.
86
Personification
“The tired old truck
| groaned as it inched up the hill.”
87
Personification
This brings a light to the text
88
Foreshadowing
When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.
89
Foreshadowing
Dialogue, such as “I have a bad feeling about this”
90
Foreshadowing
is a key tool for writers to build dramatic tension and suspense throughout their stories
91
Genre
The major category into which a literary work fits.
92
Genre
biography
93
Genre
This helps you tell what type of text you are reading
94
Gothic
Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.
95
Gothic
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818)
96
Gothic
This is a type of writing it can help show serious sadness
97
Imagery
Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind.
98
Imagery
The old man took the handful of dust, and sifted it through his fingers.
99
Imagery
Shows a mental picture for the reader to understand
100
Invective
A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.
101
Invective
King Lear (By William Shakespeare)
102
Invective
arouse negative emotion in the audience as well as the target of the insult.
103
Irony
When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.
104
Irony
A fire station burns down
105
Irony
Authors can use irony to make their audience stop and think about what has just been said, or to emphasize a central idea.
106
Verbal irony
When you say something and mean the opposite/something different.
107
Verbal irony
if your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a "walk in the
park"
108
Verbal irony
it brings sarcasm to the text
109
Dramatic irony
When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the
character doesn't and would be surprised to find out. For
110
Dramatic irony
For example, in many horror movies, we (the
| audience) know who the killer is, which the victim-to-be has no idea who is doing the slaying.
111
Dramatic irony
It helps carry the story when you know thats gonna happen and you can see the story play out how you think or something completely different
112
Situational irony
Found in the plot (or story line) of a book, story, or movie. Sometimes it
makes you laugh because it's funny how things turn out.
113
Situational irony
example, Johnny spent two hours
planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie. When he finally did manage to
sneak inside he found out that kids were admitted free that day).
114
Situational irony
this can make you rethink how you see things at first because of the complete change.
115
Juxtaposition
Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison.
116
Juxtaposition
Authors often use juxtaposition
| of ideas or examples in order to make a point.
117
Juxtaposition
For example, an author my juxtapose the average day of a
| typical American with that of someone in the third world in order to make a point of social commentary
118
Mood
The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (diction).
119
Mood
This light-hearted, happy mood is shown with descriptions of laughter, upbeat song, delicious smells, and bright colors.
120
Mood
moods show how the author is feeling towards situations
121
Motif
a recurring idea in a piece of literature.
122
Motif
literature. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that “you never really
understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view”
123
Motif
This helps set the theme for the passage in my thinking
124
Oxymoron
When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox
125
Oxymoron
jumbo shrimp
126
Oxymoron
can add color, humor, and meaning to language in all sorts of ways.
127
Pacing
The speed or tempo of an author’s writing.
128
Pacing
words. An author’s pacing can be fast,
| sluggish, stabbing, vibrato, staccato, measured, etc.
129
Pacing
pacing brings along how the writing feels so this adds effects to the writing.
130
Paradox
A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.
131
Paradox
“You can't get a job without
| experience, and you can't get experience without getting a job.”
132
Paradox
used to engage a reader to discover an underlying logic in a seemingly self-contradictory statement or phrase
133
Parallelism
Sentence construction which
| places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.
134
Parallelism
“Cinderella swept the
| floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs.”
135
Parallelism
it allows a writer to achieve a sense of rhythm and order
136
Anaphora
- Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.
137
Anaphora
This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more
coherent.
138
Anaphora
“I came, I saw, I conquered.”
139
Chiasmus
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of
the words is reversed.
140
Chiasmus
“Fair is foul and foul is fair.”
141
Chiasmus
creates a highly symmetrical structure, and gives the impression of completeness
142
Antithesis
Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel
structure.
143
Antithesis
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”
144
Antithesis
The purpose of using an antithesis in literature is to create a balance between opposite qualities and lend a greater insight into the subject
145
Zuegma (Syllepsis)
- When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the
meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.
146
Zuegma (Syllepsis)
“I quickly dressed myself and the salad.”
147
Zuegma (Syllepsis)
makes the reader astonished and go back to check what the word was and how it's working now.
148
Parenthetical Idea
- Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.
149
Parenthetical Idea
“In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the
| gallon) America will be out of oil.”
150
Parenthetical Idea
a good idea when a word has many possible different definitions, or when you are using a discipline-specific word with an audience who may not be familiar with it.
151
Parody
An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.
152
Parody
etc. The Simpsons often parody Shakespeare plays.
153
Parody
makes fun of things and lightens the mood
154
Persona
The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.
155
Persona
a child going to a new school for the first time wants others to think that he is popular, cool, and unafraid. He dresses in fashionable clothing, and he walks in with confidence and says hello to everyone. He is presenting a brave persona of a likable and popular kid.
156
Persona
characters must have unique personae, with different feelings and voices than you have; otherwise they would really all be you!
157
Poetic device
A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.
158
Poetic device
alliteration
159
Poetic device
are tools that a poet can use to create rhythm, enhance a poem's meaning, or intensify a mood or feeling.
160
Alliteration
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.
161
Alliteration
“Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore”
162
Alliteration
ocuses readers' attention on a particular section of text
163
Assonance
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.
164
Assonance
“From the molten-golden notes”
165
Assonance
to accelerate the musical effect in the poems
166
Consonance
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.
167
Consonance
“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door"
168
Consonance
provides the structure of poetry with a rhyming effect.
169
Onomatopoeia
The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.
170
Onomatopoeia
Snap, rustle, boom, murmur
171
Onomatopoeia
they bring life to a text
172
Internal rhyme
When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.
173
Internal rhyme
“To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!”
174
Internal rhyme
The sound repetition due to internal rhyme makes a poem or story unified. It is employed to heighten the poem's effect,s and this internal rhyme can take place in the same line or two separate alternating lines
175
Slant rhyme
When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly – they are merely similar.
176
Slant rhyme
“I sat upon a stone, / And found my life has gone.”
177
Slant rhyme
more creative expression and more exact word choice.
178
End rhyme
When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.
179
End rhyme
“Roses are red, violets are blue, / Sugar is sweet, and so are you.”
180
End rhyme
The poets often use end rhyme to create rhythm in their works.
181
Rhyme Scheme
The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.
182
Rhyme Scheme
For example, the following lines have a
| rhyme scheme of a b a b c d c d:
183
Rhyme Scheme
These help bring a poem together when you are rhyming
184
Stressed and unstressed syllables
In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force
than the other syllable(s).
185
Stressed and unstressed syllables
In the word
| “unhappiness,” the second of the four syllables is stressed.
186
Stressed and unstressed syllables
A stressed syllable is the part of a word that you say with greater emphasis than the other syllables. Alternatively, an unstressed syllable is a part of a word that you say with less emphasis than the stressed syllable(s). However, you don't emphasize or deemphasize syllables using volume; instead, you use pitch.
187
Meter
A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.
188
Meter
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (iambic pentameter)
189
Meter
Meter is an important part of poetry because it helps readers understand rhythm as it relates to words and lines in a poem
190
Free verse
Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.
191
Free verse
William Carlos Williams's short poem “The Red Wheelbarrow” is written in free verse.
192
Free verse
This gives you free reign over your poem without structure.
193
Iambic pentameter
Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.
194
Iambic pentameter
“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
195
Iambic pentameter
In a poem about boredom, iambic pentameter may be used to make the poem sound monotonous like its subject.It is also interesting to consider the absense of iambic pentameter where it would usually be
196
Sonnet
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.
197
Sonnet
I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.
198
Sonnet
a sonnet can help you strengthen close reading and analytical skills, build a better appreciation for poetry, and derive more meaning from your reading.
199
Polysyndeton
When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.
200
Polysyndeton
“I walked the dog, and fed
| the cat, and milked the cows.”
201
Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.
202
Pun
When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.
203
Pun
“I was stirred by his cooking lesson.”
204
Pun
another way to lighten the texts mood
205
Rhetoric
The art of effective communication.
206
Rhetoric
Political speeches often use rhetoric to evoke emotional responses in the audience.
207
Rhetoric
Rhetoric teaches us the essential skills of advanced learning and higher education
208
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle
The relationships, in any piece of writing,
between the writer, the audience, and the
subject.
209
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle
Ethos (writer) – your credibility and authority.
Pathos (audience) – how your message appeals to the audience's emotions.
Logos (context) – your logic and reasoning, and how your message fits with the audience's understanding of the subject.
210
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle
All analysis of writing is essentially
an analysis of the relationships between the
points on the triangle.
211
Rhetorical Question -
Question not asked for information but for effect.
212
Rhetorical Question -
“The angry parent asked the
| child, ‘Are you finished interrupting me?’”
213
Rhetorical Question -
These questions provide you with a way of controlling the speech and thoughts of the audience.
214
Romanticism
Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the
world, and an emphasis on nature.
215
Romanticism
the publication Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge.
216
Romanticism
emphasized nature and the importance of emotion and artistic freedom.
217
Sarcasm
- A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded. However, not all satire and
irony are sarcastic. It
218
Sarcasm
For example, let's say you see someone struggling to open a door and you ask them, "Do you want help?" If they reply by saying, "No thanks.
219
Sarcasm
It brings a funny mood to the literature and brings in the characters personality
220
Satire
- A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect. It targets
human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions.
221
Satire
political cartoons–satirize political events and/or politicians.
222
Satire
conventions. Good satire usually has three layers: serious
on the surface; humorous when you discover that it is satire instead of reality; and serious when you discern
the underlying point of the author.
223
Sentence
A sentence is group of words (including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.
224
Sentence
claire walks her dog.
225
Sentence
sentences make up an entire speech
226
Appositive
- A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its
meaning.
227
Appositive
“Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city.”
228
Appositive
provide information, which is either essential or additional.
229
Clause
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.
230
Clause
“Other than baseball, football is my favorite sport.”
231
Clause
clause contains a subject that lets the readers know what the sentence is about, as well as a verb that informs the readers what the subject is doing or will do
232
Balanced sentence
A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each
other like equal weights on a scale.
233
Balanced Sentence
“If a free
| society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”
234
Balanced sentence
Writers use balanced sentences to emphasize particular ideas to make meanings clear, as well as to create pleasing rhythm
235
Compound sentence
- Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent
| clauses.
236
Compound sentence
She did not cheat on the test, for it was the wrong thing to do.
237
Compound sentence
Use compound sentences to create complex communications, adding detail and richness to what otherwise would be a less informative simple sentence
238
Complex sentence
Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.
239
Complex sentence
My Dad laughed when I told a joke.
240
Complex sentence
These sentences are used to show a particular kind of relationship—usually a stronger idea joined to a weaker idea, or a controlling idea joined to a secondary, less important idea.
241
Cumulative sentence
When the writer begins with an
| independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.
242
Cumulative sentence
“He doubted whether he could ever
again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet
with perspiration.”
243
Cumulative sentence
Cumulative sentences are easier to understand, straightforward, and simple. The additional details in these sentences become relatively important, as they elucidate the main idea, given in a few words at the beginning
244
Periodic sentence -
When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.
245
Periodic sentence -
“His
confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted
whether he could ever again appear before an audience.”
246
Periodic sentence -
The writer begins with subordinate elements and postpones the main clause.
247
Simple sentence -
- Contains only one independent clause.
248
Simple sentence -
i love dogs
249
Simple sentence -
many pieces of literature are mad up of simple sentences.
250
Declarative sentence
- States an idea. It does not give a command or request, nor does it
ask a question.
251
Declarative sentence
“The ball is round.”
252
Declarative sentence
This just states something this helps fill in small spaces
253
Imperative sentence
issues a command
254
Imperative sentence
kick the ball
255
Imperative sentence
helps when characters are doing something.
256
Interrogative sentence
Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which,
| who, whom, and whose).
257
Interrogative sentence
“To whom did you kick the ball?”
258
Interrogative sentence
this is very important when asking questions
259
Style
The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes.
260
Style
Style may be conscious or unconscious.
261
Style
this is how we can see what the author is trying to display themself as.
262
Symbol
Anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete
such as an object, actions, character...that represents something more abstract.
263
Symbol
Examples of symbols
include the Whale in Moby Dick, the river and the jungle in Heart of Darkness, and the Raven in “The
Raven.”
264
Symbol
thes bring in creative thinking into your literature
265
Syntax/sentence variety
- Grammatical arrangement of words.
266
Syntax/sentence variety
Syntax is the grouping of words, while diction refers to the
| selection of individual words.
267
Syntax/sentence variety
this helps you make sure your sentences are correct
268
Theme
The central idea or message of a work.
269
Theme
love
270
Theme
The author has a message he wants to share with readers, and he uses his story as a way to get that message across.
271
Thesis
The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning,
or proposition.
272
Thesis
Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are the best type of sandwich because they are versatile, easy to make, and taste good
273
Thesis
it helps you state your opinion and choose a stance
274
Tone
A writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and
organization.
275
tone
sarcastic
276
tone
this shows how the text feels when its being read.
277
Understatement
The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant
than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous.
278
Understatement
“Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to
| merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter.”
279
Understatement
it shows how things dont have to be as big as they actually are.
280
Litotes
- a particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement
which otherwise would be used.
281
Litotes
Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn't do your car any
| good
282
Litotes
it tones down big situations so no one freaks out
283
Argument
An argument is a piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion.
284
Argument
brown hair is the best
285
Argument
arguments show differences in people
286
Premises:
Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.
287
Premises:
Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.
288
Premises:
thes help bring what your saying to the light
289
Conclusion:
A conclusion is the end result of the argument – the main point being made.
290
Conclusion:
In an
| argument one expects that the conclusion will be supported with reasons or premises.
291
Conclusion:
conclusions help you finish what you are saying and come to an end
292
Aristotle’s appeals
The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more
valid than someone else's.
293
Aristotle’s appeals
- ethos, pathos, and logos.
294
Aristotle’s appeals
these help us figure out how the why the author is using the things they are to relate to the audience
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Ethos (credibility)
means being convinced by the credibility of the author.
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Ethos (credibility)
As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results."
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Ethos (credibility)
this brings in their personal experience/ knowledge
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Pathos (emotional)
means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions.
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Pathos (emotional)
"If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?
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Pathos (emotional)
by experiencing this emotion, the reader begins to develop his or her own emotional response: sympathy, horror, and anger.
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Logos
means persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid
arguments.
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Logos
itation of statistics, facts, data, charts, and graphs
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Logos
Because it grabs attention, makes a strong first impression, is the foundation of your brand identity, is memorable, separates you from competition, fosters brand loyalty, and is expected by your audience.
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Concession
Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint.
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Concession
A teenager arguing to her parents that she needs a cell phone makes the following concession: I know that you think I will just use the phone to text during class and call friends instead of doing homework.
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Concession
It helps the parties to make negotiation efficient. It results in win-win negotiation for the parties involved.
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Conditional Statement
A conditional statement is an if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a
consequent.
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Conditional Statement
“If you studied hard, then you will pass the test.”
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Conditional Statement
Conditional statements are often
| used as premises in an argument:
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Contradiction
A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions,
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Contradiction
“Abortion
| is wrong and abortion is not wrong.”
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Contradiction
can elicit humor, illustrate themes, and provoke readers to think critically
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Counterexample
A counterexample is an example that runs counter to (opposes) a generalization, thus falsifying it.
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Counterexample
the statement "all students are lazy" is a universal statement which makes the claim that a certain property (laziness) holds for all students. Thus, any student who is not lazy (e.g., hard-working) would constitute a counterexample to that statement.
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Counterexample
it'll help disprove a statement
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Deductive argument
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the
conclusion.
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Deductive argument
All men are mortal. Joe is a man. Therefore Joe is mortal.
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Deductive argument
A deductive argument is an argument that is intended by the arguer to be deductively valid, that is, to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion provided that the argument's premises are true.
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Fallacy
A fallacy is an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning.
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Fallacy
ad hominem
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Fallacy
The use of fallacy illustrates the inner mental workings of a character, and in this way the reader can better understand where that character is coming from.
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Ad hominem:
Personally attacking your opponents instead of their
| arguments.
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Ad hominem:
abusive
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Ad hominem:
It is used to draw away from a persons counterargument through addressing something unrelated.
325
Appeal to authority:
The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be
right.
326
Appeal to authority:
A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast.
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Appeal to authority:
they are claiming that something must be true because it is believed by someone who said to be an "authority" on the subject
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Appeal to the bandwagon:
The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or
used to believe it, or do it.
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Appeal to the bandwagon:
In the 1800's there was a widespread belief that bloodletting cured
sickness.
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Appeal to the bandwagon:
this is how many people look ats stuff so they can fit in and this can help authors find stuff to write about so it grows.
331
Appeal to emotion:
An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions.
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Appeal to emotion:
Common emotional appeals are an appeal to sympathy, an appeal to revenge, an appeal
to patriotism – basically any emotion can be used as an appeal.
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Appeal to emotion:
This helps the audience feel like they are heard and not just being neglected.
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Bad analogy:
Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren't.
335
Bad analogy:
“We have pure
food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can't we have laws to keep
musicians from giving us filth for the mind?”
336
Bad analogy:
These help prove people wrong in arguments and see if what their saying really backs up their thoughts
337
Cliche thinking:
Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no
exceptions.
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Cliche thinking:
“I say: ‘America: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country
does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”
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Cliche thinking:
this shows how people can be very pushy and do not want to even think outside of their small circle in arguments.
340
False cause:
cause: Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.
341
False cause:
“Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons.
| Therefore women’s suffrage must have led to nuclear weapons.”
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False cause:
can make you look at things differently because the first mess up isn't always the one who started it
343
Hasty generalization:
A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data.
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Hasty generalization:
“My uncle
didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as
well as those who do.”
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Hasty generalization:
applies a belief to a larger population than he should based on the information that he has
346
Non Sequitur:
A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.
347
Non Sequitur:
“Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest
religions. Hinduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the
principles of Hinduism must be true.”
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Non Sequitur:
These non sequiturs are so far-fetched, they serve as a literary technique for some added texture and comedy.
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Slippery slope:
The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
possible outcome.
350
Slippery slope:
“If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then
you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”
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Slippery slope:
Note that a slippery slope itself can lead either to a positive outcome or a negative one
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Inductive argument
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion.
353
Inductive argument
A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bag are black.” The statement above is an example of inductive reasoning. Since the first marble from the bag was black, the second was black, and the third was black, the conclusion reached is that all the marbles in the bag are black.
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Inductive argument
Inductive statements allow you to establish probability and prepare accordingly.
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Sound argument
A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.
356
Sound argument
In some states, no felons are eligible voters, that is, eligible to vote.
357
Sound argument
this shows you your argument then makes y]sure you know its true helping better your argument
358
Unstated premises
Not every argument is fully expressed. Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left
unexpressed.
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Unstated premises
If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated
that Rover is a dog.
360
Unstated premises
when things are left unsaid you don't have a full argument because you don't know what you're completely arguing about
361
Valid argument
An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
362
Valid argument
the sky is blue
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Valid argument
valid arguments show you how things can be proved by many people
