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AP English Language and Composition > AP Glossary > Flashcards

AP Glossary Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Active Voice Definition

A

The subject of the sentence performs the action.

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2
Q

Active Voice Example

A

John walked the dog.

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3
Q

Active Voice Effect on Text

A

It makes sentences that clearer and easy to follow.

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4
Q

Passive voice Definition

A

The subject of the sentence receives the action.

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5
Q

Passive Voice Example

A

The dog was walked by John.

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6
Q

Passive Voice Effect on Text

A

It highlights important events by putting them in the beginning of the sentence.

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7
Q

Allusion Definition

A

An indirect reference to something the reader is supposed to be familiar. with.

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8
Q

Allusion Example

A

Barry’s Christmas spirit was that of The Grinch.

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9
Q

Allusion Effect on Text

A

It gives texta deeper meaning by referencing other materials readers are familiar.

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10
Q

Alter-Ego Definition

A

A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts

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11
Q

Alter-Ego Example

A

A narrator character in a story or play

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12
Q

Alter-Ego Effect on Text

A

It allows readers to see the authors thoughts as a part of the story

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13
Q

Anecdote Definition

A

A brief recounting of a relevant episode.

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14
Q

Anecdote Example

A

I was riding a bike as a kid and then just as i was getting confident i fell and hurt my arm.

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15
Q

Anecdote Effect on Text

A

It creates a friendly persuasive effect

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16
Q

Antecedent Definition

A

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

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17
Q

Antecedent Example

A

James lost the key to his house which ruined his day.

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18
Q

Antecedent Effect on Text

A

It makes a sentence clearer.

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19
Q

Classicism Definition

A

Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world.

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20
Q

Classicism Example

A

An author who write in the style of Roman and Greek texts.

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21
Q

Classicism Effect on Text

A

It makes texts similar to Greek and Roman classics

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22
Q

Comic Relief Definition

A

When a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood
somewhat.

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23
Q

Comic Relief Example

A

In horror stories there is usually a character who does dumb decisions which makes people laugh.

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24
Q

Comic Relief Effect on Text

A

It creates a point where the audience can take a break from the tension.

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25
Q

Diction Definition

A

Word choice, particularly as an element of style.

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26
Q

Diction Example

A

Formal: The man went to his house. Informal: The man went to his home.

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27
Q

Diction Effect on Text

A

Diction can show the quality of the writing.

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28
Q

Colloquial Definition

A

Ordinary or familiar type of conversation.

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29
Q

Colloquial Example

A

Someone saying “You are driving me bananas”

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30
Q

Colloquial Effect on Text

A

It makes characters more alive.

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31
Q

Connotation Definition

A

The associations suggested by a

word.

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32
Q

Connotation Example

A

Instead of saying residence you can say home.

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33
Q

Connotation Effect on Text

A

Persuade readers to see ideas in a favorable way.

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34
Q

Denotation Definition

A

The literal, explicit meaning of a word.

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35
Q

Denotation Example

A

House and Residence both mean the same thing (a place where you live in)

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36
Q

Denotation Effect on the Text

A

It helps the reader understand the text.

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37
Q

Jargon Definition

A

The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.

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38
Q

Jargon Example

A

When a movie studio uses crew to talk about the production staff.

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39
Q

Jargon Effect on Text

A

Jargon can be a barrier to those who aren’t part of the community that uses it.

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40
Q

Vernacular Definition

A

Plain everyday speech.

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41
Q

Vernacular Examples

A

“The words I am saying are an example of vernacular.”

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42
Q

Vernacular Effect on Text

A

It allows characters to talk and for readers to understand the words the speak.

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43
Q

Didactic Definition

A

A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or
provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.

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44
Q

Didactic Example

A

The story The Tortoise and the Hare gives the lesson of slow and steady wins the race.

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45
Q

Didactic Effect on Text

A

The stories teach the reader a life lesson that they could use in their everyday life.

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46
Q

Adage Definition

A

A folk saying with a lesson.

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47
Q

Adage Example

A

Two wrongs don’t make a right

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48
Q

Adage Effect on Text

A

Adages give words of wisdom to the reader.

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49
Q

Allegory Definition

A

A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts.

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50
Q

Allegory Example

A

Godzilla is about a giant lizard monster but its shows the Japanese view of nuclear weapons after WWII.

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51
Q

Allegory Effect on Text

A

It can make stories have a deeper meaning to them.

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52
Q

Aphorism Definition

A

A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.

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53
Q

Aphorism Example

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt saying “the only thing to fear is fear itself”

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54
Q

Aphorism Effect on Text

A

Aphorisms can be an easy to remember life lesson

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55
Q

Ellipsis Definition

A

The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author.

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56
Q

Ellipsis Example

A

During the bowling game I got 8 pins knocked down while you got 7…

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57
Q

Ellipsis Effect on Text

A

Ellipsis can make a sentence shorter without losing the context.

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58
Q

Euphemism Definition

A

A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.

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59
Q

Euphemism Example

A

Saying “Gone to a better place” instead of saying that he/she died

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60
Q

Euphemism Effect on Text

A

Euphemism can make rude things less offensive in a story.

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61
Q

Figurative Language Definition

A

Writing that is not meant to be taken literally.

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62
Q

Figurative Language Examples

A

Simile, Metaphor, and Idiom

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63
Q

Figurative Language Effect on Text

A

It can make help readers understand the underlying symbolism of something to recognize a literary theme.

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64
Q

Analogy Definition

A

a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.

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65
Q

Analogy Examples

A

The band needs the conductor like an army needs a commander.

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66
Q

Analogy Effect on Text

A

Analogies can add depth to image and can make abstract ideas make sense.

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67
Q

Hyperbole Definition

A

Exaggeration.

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68
Q

Hyperbole Example

A

I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.

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69
Q

Hyperbole Effect on Text

A

It’s used to make a description more creative

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70
Q

Idiom Definition

A

A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.

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71
Q

Idiom Example

A

Its raining cats and dogs.

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72
Q

Idiom Effect on Text

A

It makes the writing less flat.

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73
Q

Metaphor Definition

A

Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words.

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74
Q

Metaphor Example

A

My room is a freezer

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75
Q

Metaphor Effect on Text

A

They add detail to the writing

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76
Q

Metonymy Definition

A

Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.

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77
Q

Metonymy Example

A

In the saying “The pen is mightier than the sword” the pen means treaties while the sword means war

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78
Q

Metonymy Effect on Text

A

They summarize complex thing into recognizable words and concepts

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79
Q

Synecdoche Definition

A

A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its
parts, or vice versa.

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80
Q

Synecdoche Example

A

The boat had 40 hands on deck.

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81
Q

Synecdoche Effect on Text

A

It allows things to be generalized instead of individually listed

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82
Q

Simile Definition

A

Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very
different things.

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83
Q

Simile Example

A

My room is as cold as a freezer.

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84
Q

Synesthesia Definition

A

a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”

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85
Q

Synesthesia Example

A

The disgusting meal smelled like a weird mix of brown and green.

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86
Q

Synesthesia Effect on Text

A

It allows for a level of description

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87
Q

Personification Definition

A

Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.

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88
Q

Personification Example

A

The trees danced in the wind

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89
Q

Personification Effect on Text

A

It provides emotion to a lifeless scene

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90
Q

Foreshadowing Definition

A

When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.

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91
Q

Foreshadowing Example

A

In a horror story the protagonist finds an empty gun and takes it with them

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92
Q

Foreshadowing Effect on Text

A

Foreshadowing is used to get the audience in a state of tension

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93
Q

Genre Definition

A

The major category into which a literary work fits.

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94
Q

Genre Example

A

Fiction and Non-Fiction

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95
Q

Genre Effect on Text

A

The genre tells the reader what type of story the are reading

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96
Q

Gothic Definition

A

Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.

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97
Q

Gothic Example

A

A horror story about a haunted mansion

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98
Q

Gothic Effect on Text

A

It tells the reader that they are reading a dark story.

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99
Q

Imagery Definition

A

Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind.

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100
Q

Imagery Example

A

The meal tasted like every flavor and texture in the same bite

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101
Q

Imagery Effect on Text

A

Imagery creates detail about an object

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102
Q

Irony Definition

A

When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.

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103
Q

Irony Example

A

Seeing a fire extinguisher on fire

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104
Q

Irony Effect on Text

A

It creates humor in a story

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105
Q

Juxtaposition Definition

A

Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison.

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106
Q

Juxtaposition Example

A

Putting the life of a country person to a city person

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107
Q

Juxtaposition Effect on Text

A

It helps highlights contrasts

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108
Q

Mood Definition

A

The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice.

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109
Q

Mood Example

A

A sad story will have a somber mood

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110
Q

Mood Effect on Text

A

Mood can set the tone of the story and it can get readers to match the mood it’s trying to represent.

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111
Q

Motif Definition

A

a recurring idea in a piece of literature.

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112
Q

Motif Example

A

When disaster strikes people work together maker the motif that working together can overcome anything

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113
Q

Motif Effect on Text

A

The add symbolism by repeating the motif

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114
Q

Oxymoron Definition

A

When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox.

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115
Q

Oxymoron Example

A

Act Naturally.

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116
Q

Oxymoron Effect on Text

A

They encourage audiences to critically think.

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117
Q

Pacing Definition

A

The speed or tempo of an author’s writing.

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118
Q

Pacing Example

A

A mystery text usually have a slow pace.

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119
Q

Pacing Effect on Text

A

Pacing can affect how the story unfolds

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120
Q

Paradox Definition

A

A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.

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121
Q

Paradox Example

A

The beginning of the end

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122
Q

Paradox Effect on Text

A

It helps add mystery to a story.

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123
Q

Parallelism Definition

A

Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.

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124
Q

Parallelism Example

A

Martin Luther King Jr. repeating “I have a dream” followed by the verb “will”.

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125
Q

Parallelism Effect on Text

A

It makes phrases more memorable

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126
Q

Anaphora Definition

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.

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127
Q

Anaphora Example

A

I came, I saw, I conquered.

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128
Q

Anaphora Effect on Text

A

This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer’s point more coherent.

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129
Q

Simile Effect on Text

A

It makes things more descriptive

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130
Q

Chiasmus Definition

A

When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed.

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131
Q

Chiasmus Example

A

Think and wonder, wonder and think.

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132
Q

Chiasmus Effect on Text

A

It creates a symmetrical structure

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133
Q

Antithesis Definition

A

Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel
structure.

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134
Q

Antithesis Example

A

One small step for man - one giant leap for mankind.

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135
Q

Antithesis Effect on Text

A

It be used to contrast two different objects or concepts

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136
Q

Zeugma Definition

A

When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.

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137
Q

Zeugma Example

A

The charming thief stole her heart and her money.

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138
Q

Zeugma Effect on Text

A

It gives readers a surprise.

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139
Q

Parenthetical Idea Defintion

A

Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.

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140
Q

Parenthetical Idea Example

A

When the time comes (which is getting closer) James will have to close his shop.

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141
Q

Parenthetical Idea Effect on Text

A

It acts like a whisper and should be used in moderation

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142
Q

Parody Definition

A

An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.

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143
Q

Parody Example

A

When someone makes a dumb version of a popular song.

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144
Q

Parody Effect on Text

A

We use it to criticize something without be rude.

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145
Q

Persona Definition

A

The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.

146
Q

Persona Example

A

A idol having a fake personality to maintain their image.

147
Q

Persona Effect on Text

A

It is used to enlighten the reader.

148
Q

Poetic device Definition

A

A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.

149
Q

Poetic device Example

A

Alliteration and Onomatopoeia

150
Q

Poetic device Effect on Text

A

It enhances the timing and rhythm

151
Q

Alliteration Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.

152
Q

Alliteration Example

A

Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.

153
Q

Alliteration Effect on Text

A

It makes text momerable

154
Q

Assonance Definition

A

The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.

155
Q

Assonance Example

A

It beats as it sweeps as it cleans.

156
Q

Assonance Effect on Text

A

It makes writing more music-like

157
Q

Consonance Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.

158
Q

Consonance Example

A

The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain

159
Q

Consonance Effect on Text

A

It makes writing more music-like

160
Q

Onomatopoeia Definition

A

The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.

161
Q

Onomatopoeia Example

A

Bang!

162
Q

Onomatopoeia Effect on Text

A

It creates sound in the reader’s mind

163
Q

Internal rhyme Definition

A

When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.

164
Q

Internal rhyme Example

A

The boy raked hay so he could play

165
Q

Internal rhyme Effect on Text

A

It can quicken the poems pace

166
Q

Slant rhyme Definition

A

When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly

167
Q

Slant rhyme Example

A

We tried to make a row

but we did not know

168
Q

Slant rhyme Effect on Text

A

It gives reader a feeling of the unexpected

169
Q

End rhyme Definition

A

When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.

170
Q

End rhyme Example

A

We needed to find a goat. But all we found was a boat.

171
Q

End rhyme Effect on Text

A

It creates a rhythm within the text

172
Q

Rhyme Scheme Definition

A

The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.

173
Q

Rhyme Scheme Example

A

Dr. Seuss does this a lot in his books

174
Q

Rhyme Scheme Effect on Text

A

It helps readers see what is coming

175
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables Definition

A

In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force
than the other syllable(s).

176
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables Example

A

The I in recite is stressed

177
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables Effect on Text

A

They strengthen the meaning of a word

178
Q

Meter Definition

A

A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.

179
Q

Meter Example

A

Meters use the symbols ´ and ◡ to show if the syllables is stressed or not.

180
Q

Meter Effect on Text

A

It can give readers an idea where and when the text came from.

181
Q

Free Verse Definition

A

Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.

182
Q

Free Verse Example

A 
This is a Free Verse
There is no rhyme
But yet it is still a poem
Why am I 
Still on page five
183
Q

Free Verse Effect on Text

A

It allows writers to be creative when writing a poem

184
Q

Iambic pentameter Definition

A

Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.

185
Q

Iambic pentameter Example

A

“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

186
Q

Iambic pentameter Effect on Text

A

It is used to create a natural feeling.

187
Q

Sonnet Definition

A

A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter.

188
Q

Sonnet Example

A

Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 is the one with “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

189
Q

Sonnet Effect on Text

A

Sonnets allow for poets to write about religion politics and even love

190
Q

Polysyndeton Definition

A

When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.

191
Q

Polysyndeton Example

A

Ralph did everything from cleaning the bathroom, and taking out the trash, and organizing the store.

192
Q

Polysyndeton Effect on Text

A

Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.

193
Q

Pun Definition

A

When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.

194
Q

Pun Example

A

Someone saying “I’m not a fan of this” while shopping for fans

195
Q

Pun Effect on Text

A

It’s used to create humor

196
Q

Rhetoric Definition

A

The art of effective communication.

197
Q

Rhetoric Example

A

An advertisement trying to get you to buy their product

198
Q

Rhetoric Effect

A

It can persuade readers

199
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Definition

A

The relationships, in any piece of writing,
between the writer, the audience, and the
subject.

200
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Example

A

The writer writes a story by using his ethics and persona. The subject is based on logic and reason. The audience reacts with appeal and emotion

201
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Effect on Text

A

It allows authors to appeal to the audiences ethics, logic, and or emotion

202
Q

Rhetorical Question Definition

A

Question not asked for information but for effect.

203
Q

Rhetorical Question Example

A

Why would you make that decision?

204
Q

Rhetorical Question Effect on Text

A

It allows readers to fill in the gap made by the question

205
Q

Romanticism Definition

A

Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the
world, and an emphasis on nature.

206
Q

Romanticism Example

A

Having a book about a strong hero and having a focus on the countryside.

207
Q

Romanticism Effect on Text

A

Romanticism gives readers more emotional texts to read

208
Q

Sarcasm Definition

A

A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded.

209
Q

Sarcasm Example

A

The answer is obviously 43 (said in a mocking tone)

210
Q

Sarcasm Effect on Text

A

It can show off a characters personality.

211
Q

Satire Definition

A

A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect.

212
Q

Satire Example

A

When someone makes a joke about politics or political actions.

213
Q

Satire Effect on Text

A

Satire can be an easy and comedic way to do social commentary.

214
Q

Sentence Definition

A

A group of words that expresses a complete thought.

215
Q

Sentence Example

A

I am writing a sentence about sentences.

216
Q

Sentence Effect on Text

A

Sentences make up stories as building blocks.

217
Q

Appositive Definition

A

A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its
meaning.

218
Q

Appositive Example

A

John, the baker at John’s Bakery had a talk with James, an office worker.

219
Q

Appositive Effect on Text

A

It gives characters a background on who they are.

220
Q

Clause Definition

A

A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.

221
Q

Clause Example

A

My dog ran around the park

222
Q

Clause Effect on Text

A

Clauses are the building blocks of sentences which make stories.

223
Q

Independent Clause Definition

A

A complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

224
Q

Independent Clause Example

A

Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food (Steak is my favorite food)

225
Q

Independent Clause Effect on Text

A

These make up sentences

226
Q

Dependent Clause Definition

A

A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.

227
Q

Dependent Clause Example

A

Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food (Other than pizza)

228
Q

Dependent Clause Effect on Text

A

They are a part of sentences.

229
Q

Balanced sentence Definition

A

A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each
other like equal weights on a scale.

230
Q

Balanced sentence Example

A

The room was filled with tall and short people

231
Q

Balanced sentence Effect on Text

A

It gives rhythmic flow to the text

232
Q

Compound sentence Definition

A

Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent

clauses.

233
Q

Compound sentence Example

A

Pizza is my favorite food and Pepsi is my favorite drink.

234
Q

Compound sentence Effect on Text

A

It makes the paragraphs more engaging

235
Q

Complex sentence Definition

A

Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.

236
Q

Complex sentence Example

A

Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food

237
Q

Complex sentence Effect on Text

A

It makes a vivid picture in mind of the reader

238
Q

Cumulative sentence Definition

A

When the writer begins with an

independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.

239
Q

Cumulative sentence Example

A

He made a typo in the letter, and he hurried to fix it.

240
Q

Cumulative sentence Effect on Text

A

They make the text simple and easy to understand

241
Q

Periodic sentence definition

A

When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.

242
Q

Periodic sentence example

A

He was panicking, he had just lost his watch at the store.

243
Q

Periodic sentence Effect on text

A

It creates suspense for the reader.

244
Q

Simple sentence Definition

A

Contains only one independent clause.

245
Q

Simple sentence Example

A

I do not like to sing.

246
Q

Simple sentence Effect on Text

A

It grabs the readers attention

247
Q

Declarative sentence Definition

A

States an idea.

248
Q

Declarative sentence Example

A

The baseball is a small ball.

249
Q

Declarative sentence Effect on Text

A

it has no emotional impact

250
Q

Imperative sentence Definition

A

Issues a command.

251
Q

Imperative sentence Example

A

Finish your work now!

252
Q

Imperative sentence Effect on Text

A

It makes the reader react.

253
Q

Interrogative sentence Definition

A

Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns

254
Q

Interrogative sentence Example

A

Who did you send the letter to?

255
Q

Interrogative sentence Effect on Text

A

It makes the reader think.

256
Q

Style Definition

A

The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes.

257
Q

Style Example

A

The cop arrested the dude who robbed the bank.

258
Q

Style Effect on Text

A

It tells the reader about the author.

259
Q

Symbol Definition

A

Anything that represents or stands for something else.

260
Q

Symbol Example

A

A snake symbolising evil in the Bible

261
Q

Symbol Effect on the Text

A

It adds layers of meaning to the text

262
Q

Syntax Definition D

A

Grammatical arrangement of words.

263
Q

Syntax Example

A

Paul ate a cake

264
Q

Syntax Effect on Text

A

It can make a sentence pleasant to read

265
Q

Theme Definition

A

The central idea or message of a work.

266
Q

Theme Example

A

The theme of the Ant and the Grasshopper is to balance time between work and play

267
Q

Theme Effect on Text

A

It creates the framework of the story

268
Q

Thesis Definition

A

The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning,
or proposition.

269
Q

Thesis Example

A

People should recycle because it prevents waste, allows things to be reused, and it lowers the need to make new plastic.

270
Q

Thesis Effect on Text

A

The thesis is the backbone of an argument

271
Q

Tone Definition

A

A writer’s attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and
organization.

272
Q

Tone Example

A

A comedy story will have a playful and humorous tone

273
Q

Tone Effect on Text

A

The tone can affect how the story is written

274
Q

Understatement Definition

A

The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant
than it is.

275
Q

Understatement Example

A

The office workers worked hard today, finishing 5 tasks in 9 hours.

276
Q

Understatement Effect on Text

A

It can be used for humor and irony

277
Q

Litotes Definition

A

A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement
which otherwise would be used.

278
Q

Litotes Example

A

Missing that important call didn’t do your career very well

279
Q

Litotes Effect on Text

A

It can either have the effect of an understatement or be an intensifying expression

280
Q

Argument Definition

A

A piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion.

281
Q

Argument Example

A

Mint Chocolate is a disgusting flavor for anything.

282
Q

Argument Effect on Text

A

It sets up the thesis and premises.

283
Q

Premises Definition

A

Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.

284
Q

Premises Example

A

Mint is a bad flavor by itself.

285
Q

Premises Effect on the Text

A

It helps when setting up for the conclusion.

286
Q

Conclusion Definition

A

The end result of the argument.

287
Q

Conclusion Example

A

Adding Mint to chocolates makes it disgusting

288
Q

Conclusion Effect on Text

A

It provides the main point of the argument

289
Q

Aristotle’s appeals Definition

A

To persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more

valid than someone else’s.

290
Q

Aristotle’s appeals Examples

A

Ethos, Logos, Pathos

291
Q

Aristotle’s appeals Effect on Text

A

It tries to use its appeals to persuade readers

292
Q

Ethos (credibility) Definition

A

Being convinced by the credibility of the author.

293
Q

Ethos (credibility) Examples

A

A scientist writing a paper about their field of research

294
Q

Ethos (credibility) Effect on Text

A

It can be used to convince people based on the authority of the speaker

295
Q

Pathos (emotional) Definition

A

Persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions.

296
Q

Pathos (emotional) Examples

A

A dog shelter using images of dogs in need to get people to adopt.

297
Q

Pathos (emotional) Effect on Text

A

It can get make a story contain a lot of emotions

298
Q

Logos (logical) Definition

A

Persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid
arguments.

299
Q

Logos (logical) Example

A

A politician using statistics to convince people to vote for them

300
Q

Logos (logical) Effect on Text

A

It is the strongest method of persuasion`

301
Q

Concession Definition

A

Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint.

302
Q

Concession Example

A

In my argument against min chocolate I accept that people have their own opinion on mint chocolate

303
Q

Concession Effect on the Text

A

It make one’s own argument
stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even
if it is presented by the opposition.

304
Q

Conditional Statement Definition

A

An if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a
consequent.

305
Q

Conditional Statement Example

A

If I don’t do the work, then I will fail the class

306
Q

Conditional Statement Effect on Text

A

It is used as a premise to an argument

307
Q

Contradiction Definition

A

occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions,

308
Q

Contradiction Example

A

The Flat Earth society saying they have members all over the globe

309
Q

Contradiction Effect on Text

A

It makes the argument unreliable

310
Q

Counterexample Definition

A

An example that runs counter to a

generalization,

311
Q

Counterexample Example

A

Sports are dumb because I don’t like basketball and football. I do like Badminton. My argument is unsound

312
Q

Counterexample Effect on Text

A

It makes an argument unsound

313
Q

Deductive argument definition

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the
conclusion.

314
Q

Deductive argument Example

A

Deer don’t eat meat, so they are herbivores.

315
Q

Deductive argument Effect on Text

A

It creates an argument that is impossible to falsify.

316
Q

Fallacy Definition

A

An attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning.

317
Q

Fallacy Example

A

A Straw Man or a Ad Hominem

318
Q

Fallacy Effect on Text

A

It makes the text inaccurate or misleading

319
Q

Ad hominem Definition

A

Personally attacking your opponents instead of their

arguments.

320
Q

Ad hominem Example

A

instead of attacking Johns opinion on pizza, Joe says “John is a fat idiot”.

321
Q

Ad hominem Effect on Text

A

It bypasses the actual argument in favor of insults

322
Q

Appeal to authority Definition

A

The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right.

323
Q

Appeal to authority Example

A

A paid sponsorship by an advertising company.

324
Q

Appeal to authority Effect on Text

A

It makes people attracted to something that may not work even if endorsed by a celebrity

325
Q

Appeal to the bandwagon Definition

A

The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or
used to believe it, or do it.

326
Q

Appeal to the bandwagon Example

A

When everyone you know is buying a product so you buy it too

327
Q

Appeal to the bandwagon Effect on Text

A

It makes people do or buy something they may not like but will do anyways to fit in.

328
Q

Appeal to emotion Definition

A

An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions.

329
Q

Appeal to emotion Example

A

A dictator trying to use patriotism to justify their plans

330
Q

Appeal to emotion Effect on Text

A

It tries ignore the logic which means its probably wrong

331
Q

Bad analogy Definition

A

Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t.

332
Q

Bad analogy Example

A

We give don’t give poison to plants so why do we give soda to children

333
Q

Bad analogy Effect on Text

A

It creates an argument that lacks logic

334
Q

Cliche thinking Definition

A

Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no
exceptions.

335
Q

Cliche thinking Example

A

Saying Hope for the best but knowing there is no way to succeed

336
Q

Cliche thinking Effect on Text

A

Cliche thinking doesn’t consider the full picture

337
Q

False cause Definition

A

Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.

338
Q

False cause Example

A

Before the War of 1812 there were no drunk driving crashes since then there have been drunk driving across America

339
Q

False cause Effect on Text

A

False Causes make no logical sense so it makes the text unreliable

340
Q

Hasty generalization Definition

A

A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data.

341
Q

Hasty generalization Example

A

Paul started a multi-billion tech company after dropping out of college so, dropping out of college is the way to start multi-billion dollar companies.

342
Q

Hasty generalization Effect on Text

A

It is not always true so the argument is coincidental not logical

343
Q

Non Sequitur Definition

A

A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.

344
Q

Non Sequitur Example

A

I read about the dangers of a pitbull. My neighbor has a pitbull. I am in danger

345
Q

Non Sequitur Effect on Text

A

It makes the argument unsound and its used in parodies for humor

346
Q

Slippery slope Definition

A

The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
possible outcome.

347
Q

Slippery slope Example

A

If you cheat once you will continue cheating until you are caught and your life falls apart

348
Q

Slippery slope Effect on Text

A

It affects the text by having everything go the worst possible route.

349
Q

Inductive argument Definition

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion.

350
Q

Inductive argument Example

A

After someone eats moldy food they get sick so, if you eat moldy food it’s highly likely you will get sick

351
Q

Inductive argument Effect on Text

A

It provides a valid argument that readers can that trust

352
Q

Sound argument Definition

A

A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.

353
Q

Sound argument

A

If you cough and sneeze a lot more than usual it is likely that you are sick

354
Q

Sound argument Effect on Text

A

Sound Arguments are something that prove the validity of the text

355
Q

Unstated premises Definition

A

When premises or even conclusions are left

unexpressed.

356
Q

Unstated premises Example

A

Charles is clever because all cats are clever

357
Q

Unstated premises Effect on Text

A

It can leave an argument feeling unfinished.

358
Q

Valid argument Definition

A

An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

359
Q

Valid argument Example

A

Mark likes either pizza or burgers. Mark recently ordered a pizza. Mark likes pizza.

360
Q

Valid argument Effect on Text

A

Valid Arguments it makes an argument trustworthy.

AP English Language and Composition (1 decks)

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