AP Glossary Flashcards
1
Q
Active Voice Definition
A
The subject of the sentence performs the action.
2
Q
Active Voice Example
A
John walked the dog.
3
Q
Active Voice Effect on Text
A
It makes sentences that clearer and easy to follow.
4
Q
Passive voice Definition
A
The subject of the sentence receives the action.
5
Q
Passive Voice Example
A
The dog was walked by John.
6
Q
Passive Voice Effect on Text
A
It highlights important events by putting them in the beginning of the sentence.
7
Q
Allusion Definition
A
An indirect reference to something the reader is supposed to be familiar. with.
8
Q
Allusion Example
A
Barry’s Christmas spirit was that of The Grinch.
9
Q
Allusion Effect on Text
A
It gives texta deeper meaning by referencing other materials readers are familiar.
10
Q
Alter-Ego Definition
A
A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts
11
Q
Alter-Ego Example
A
A narrator character in a story or play
12
Q
Alter-Ego Effect on Text
A
It allows readers to see the authors thoughts as a part of the story
13
Q
Anecdote Definition
A
A brief recounting of a relevant episode.
14
Q
Anecdote Example
A
I was riding a bike as a kid and then just as i was getting confident i fell and hurt my arm.
15
Q
Anecdote Effect on Text
A
It creates a friendly persuasive effect
16
Q
Antecedent Definition
A
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
17
Q
Antecedent Example
A
James lost the key to his house which ruined his day.
18
Q
Antecedent Effect on Text
A
It makes a sentence clearer.
19
Q
Classicism Definition
A
Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world.
20
Q
Classicism Example
A
An author who write in the style of Roman and Greek texts.
21
Q
Classicism Effect on Text
A
It makes texts similar to Greek and Roman classics
22
Q
Comic Relief Definition
A
When a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood
somewhat.
23
Q
Comic Relief Example
A
In horror stories there is usually a character who does dumb decisions which makes people laugh.
24
Q
Comic Relief Effect on Text
A
It creates a point where the audience can take a break from the tension.
25
Diction Definition
Word choice, particularly as an element of style.
26
Diction Example
Formal: The man went to his house. Informal: The man went to his home.
27
Diction Effect on Text
Diction can show the quality of the writing.
28
Colloquial Definition
Ordinary or familiar type of conversation.
29
Colloquial Example
Someone saying "You are driving me bananas"
30
Colloquial Effect on Text
It makes characters more alive.
31
Connotation Definition
The associations suggested by a
| word.
32
Connotation Example
Instead of saying residence you can say home.
33
Connotation Effect on Text
Persuade readers to see ideas in a favorable way.
34
Denotation Definition
The literal, explicit meaning of a word.
35
Denotation Example
House and Residence both mean the same thing (a place where you live in)
36
Denotation Effect on the Text
It helps the reader understand the text.
37
Jargon Definition
The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.
38
Jargon Example
When a movie studio uses crew to talk about the production staff.
39
Jargon Effect on Text
Jargon can be a barrier to those who aren't part of the community that uses it.
40
Vernacular Definition
Plain everyday speech.
41
Vernacular Examples
"The words I am saying are an example of vernacular."
42
Vernacular Effect on Text
It allows characters to talk and for readers to understand the words the speak.
43
Didactic Definition
A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or
provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
44
Didactic Example
The story The Tortoise and the Hare gives the lesson of slow and steady wins the race.
45
Didactic Effect on Text
The stories teach the reader a life lesson that they could use in their everyday life.
46
Adage Definition
A folk saying with a lesson.
47
Adage Example
Two wrongs don't make a right
48
Adage Effect on Text
Adages give words of wisdom to the reader.
49
Allegory Definition
A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts.
50
Allegory Example
Godzilla is about a giant lizard monster but its shows the Japanese view of nuclear weapons after WWII.
51
Allegory Effect on Text
It can make stories have a deeper meaning to them.
52
Aphorism Definition
A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.
53
Aphorism Example
Franklin D. Roosevelt saying "the only thing to fear is fear itself"
54
Aphorism Effect on Text
Aphorisms can be an easy to remember life lesson
55
Ellipsis Definition
The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author.
56
Ellipsis Example
During the bowling game I got 8 pins knocked down while you got 7...
57
Ellipsis Effect on Text
Ellipsis can make a sentence shorter without losing the context.
58
Euphemism Definition
A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.
59
Euphemism Example
Saying "Gone to a better place" instead of saying that he/she died
60
Euphemism Effect on Text
Euphemism can make rude things less offensive in a story.
61
Figurative Language Definition
Writing that is not meant to be taken literally.
62
Figurative Language Examples
Simile, Metaphor, and Idiom
63
Figurative Language Effect on Text
It can make help readers understand the underlying symbolism of something to recognize a literary theme.
64
Analogy Definition
a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.
65
Analogy Examples
The band needs the conductor like an army needs a commander.
66
Analogy Effect on Text
Analogies can add depth to image and can make abstract ideas make sense.
67
Hyperbole Definition
Exaggeration.
68
Hyperbole Example
I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.
69
Hyperbole Effect on Text
It's used to make a description more creative
70
Idiom Definition
A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.
71
Idiom Example
Its raining cats and dogs.
72
Idiom Effect on Text
It makes the writing less flat.
73
Metaphor Definition
Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words.
74
Metaphor Example
My room is a freezer
75
Metaphor Effect on Text
They add detail to the writing
76
Metonymy Definition
Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.
77
Metonymy Example
In the saying "The pen is mightier than the sword" the pen means treaties while the sword means war
78
Metonymy Effect on Text
They summarize complex thing into recognizable words and concepts
79
Synecdoche Definition
A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its
parts, or vice versa.
80
Synecdoche Example
The boat had 40 hands on deck.
81
Synecdoche Effect on Text
It allows things to be generalized instead of individually listed
82
Simile Definition
Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very
different things.
83
Simile Example
My room is as cold as a freezer.
84
Synesthesia Definition
a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”
85
Synesthesia Example
The disgusting meal smelled like a weird mix of brown and green.
86
Synesthesia Effect on Text
It allows for a level of description
87
Personification Definition
Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.
88
Personification Example
The trees danced in the wind
89
Personification Effect on Text
It provides emotion to a lifeless scene
90
Foreshadowing Definition
When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.
91
Foreshadowing Example
In a horror story the protagonist finds an empty gun and takes it with them
92
Foreshadowing Effect on Text
Foreshadowing is used to get the audience in a state of tension
93
Genre Definition
The major category into which a literary work fits.
94
Genre Example
Fiction and Non-Fiction
95
Genre Effect on Text
The genre tells the reader what type of story the are reading
96
Gothic Definition
Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.
97
Gothic Example
A horror story about a haunted mansion
98
Gothic Effect on Text
It tells the reader that they are reading a dark story.
99
Imagery Definition
Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind.
100
Imagery Example
The meal tasted like every flavor and texture in the same bite
101
Imagery Effect on Text
Imagery creates detail about an object
102
Irony Definition
When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.
103
Irony Example
Seeing a fire extinguisher on fire
104
Irony Effect on Text
It creates humor in a story
105
Juxtaposition Definition
Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison.
106
Juxtaposition Example
Putting the life of a country person to a city person
107
Juxtaposition Effect on Text
It helps highlights contrasts
108
Mood Definition
The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice.
109
Mood Example
A sad story will have a somber mood
110
Mood Effect on Text
Mood can set the tone of the story and it can get readers to match the mood it's trying to represent.
111
Motif Definition
a recurring idea in a piece of literature.
112
Motif Example
When disaster strikes people work together maker the motif that working together can overcome anything
113
Motif Effect on Text
The add symbolism by repeating the motif
114
Oxymoron Definition
When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox.
115
Oxymoron Example
Act Naturally.
116
Oxymoron Effect on Text
They encourage audiences to critically think.
117
Pacing Definition
The speed or tempo of an author’s writing.
118
Pacing Example
A mystery text usually have a slow pace.
119
Pacing Effect on Text
Pacing can affect how the story unfolds
120
Paradox Definition
A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.
121
Paradox Example
The beginning of the end
122
Paradox Effect on Text
It helps add mystery to a story.
123
Parallelism Definition
Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.
124
Parallelism Example
Martin Luther King Jr. repeating "I have a dream" followed by the verb "will".
125
Parallelism Effect on Text
It makes phrases more memorable
126
Anaphora Definition
Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.
127
Anaphora Example
I came, I saw, I conquered.
128
Anaphora Effect on Text
This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
129
Simile Effect on Text
It makes things more descriptive
130
Chiasmus Definition
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed.
131
Chiasmus Example
Think and wonder, wonder and think.
132
Chiasmus Effect on Text
It creates a symmetrical structure
133
Antithesis Definition
Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel
structure.
134
Antithesis Example
One small step for man - one giant leap for mankind.
135
Antithesis Effect on Text
It be used to contrast two different objects or concepts
136
Zeugma Definition
When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.
137
Zeugma Example
The charming thief stole her heart and her money.
138
Zeugma Effect on Text
It gives readers a surprise.
139
Parenthetical Idea Defintion
Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.
140
Parenthetical Idea Example
When the time comes (which is getting closer) James will have to close his shop.
141
Parenthetical Idea Effect on Text
It acts like a whisper and should be used in moderation
142
Parody Definition
An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.
143
Parody Example
When someone makes a dumb version of a popular song.
144
Parody Effect on Text
We use it to criticize something without be rude.
145
Persona Definition
The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.
146
Persona Example
A idol having a fake personality to maintain their image.
147
Persona Effect on Text
It is used to enlighten the reader.
148
Poetic device Definition
A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.
149
Poetic device Example
Alliteration and Onomatopoeia
150
Poetic device Effect on Text
It enhances the timing and rhythm
151
Alliteration Definition
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.
152
Alliteration Example
Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
153
Alliteration Effect on Text
It makes text momerable
154
Assonance Definition
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.
155
Assonance Example
It beats as it sweeps as it cleans.
156
Assonance Effect on Text
It makes writing more music-like
157
Consonance Definition
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.
158
Consonance Example
The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain
159
Consonance Effect on Text
It makes writing more music-like
160
Onomatopoeia Definition
The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.
161
Onomatopoeia Example
Bang!
162
Onomatopoeia Effect on Text
It creates sound in the reader's mind
163
Internal rhyme Definition
When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.
164
Internal rhyme Example
The boy raked hay so he could play
165
Internal rhyme Effect on Text
It can quicken the poems pace
166
Slant rhyme Definition
When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly
167
Slant rhyme Example
We tried to make a row
| but we did not know
168
Slant rhyme Effect on Text
It gives reader a feeling of the unexpected
169
End rhyme Definition
When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.
170
End rhyme Example
We needed to find a goat. But all we found was a boat.
171
End rhyme Effect on Text
It creates a rhythm within the text
172
Rhyme Scheme Definition
The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.
173
Rhyme Scheme Example
Dr. Seuss does this a lot in his books
174
Rhyme Scheme Effect on Text
It helps readers see what is coming
175
Stressed and unstressed syllables Definition
In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force
than the other syllable(s).
176
Stressed and unstressed syllables Example
The I in recite is stressed
177
Stressed and unstressed syllables Effect on Text
They strengthen the meaning of a word
178
Meter Definition
A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.
179
Meter Example
Meters use the symbols ´ and ◡ to show if the syllables is stressed or not.
180
Meter Effect on Text
It can give readers an idea where and when the text came from.
181
Free Verse Definition
Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.
182
Free Verse Example
```
This is a Free Verse
There is no rhyme
But yet it is still a poem
Why am I
Still on page five
```
183
Free Verse Effect on Text
It allows writers to be creative when writing a poem
184
Iambic pentameter Definition
Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.
185
Iambic pentameter Example
“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
186
Iambic pentameter Effect on Text
It is used to create a natural feeling.
187
Sonnet Definition
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter.
188
Sonnet Example
Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 is the one with “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
189
Sonnet Effect on Text
Sonnets allow for poets to write about religion politics and even love
190
Polysyndeton Definition
When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.
191
Polysyndeton Example
Ralph did everything from cleaning the bathroom, and taking out the trash, and organizing the store.
192
Polysyndeton Effect on Text
Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.
193
Pun Definition
When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.
194
Pun Example
Someone saying "I'm not a fan of this" while shopping for fans
195
Pun Effect on Text
It's used to create humor
196
Rhetoric Definition
The art of effective communication.
197
Rhetoric Example
An advertisement trying to get you to buy their product
198
Rhetoric Effect
It can persuade readers
199
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Definition
The relationships, in any piece of writing,
between the writer, the audience, and the
subject.
200
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Example
The writer writes a story by using his ethics and persona. The subject is based on logic and reason. The audience reacts with appeal and emotion
201
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Effect on Text
It allows authors to appeal to the audiences ethics, logic, and or emotion
202
Rhetorical Question Definition
Question not asked for information but for effect.
203
Rhetorical Question Example
Why would you make that decision?
204
Rhetorical Question Effect on Text
It allows readers to fill in the gap made by the question
205
Romanticism Definition
Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the
world, and an emphasis on nature.
206
Romanticism Example
Having a book about a strong hero and having a focus on the countryside.
207
Romanticism Effect on Text
Romanticism gives readers more emotional texts to read
208
Sarcasm Definition
A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded.
209
Sarcasm Example
The answer is obviously 43 (said in a mocking tone)
210
Sarcasm Effect on Text
It can show off a characters personality.
211
Satire Definition
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect.
212
Satire Example
When someone makes a joke about politics or political actions.
213
Satire Effect on Text
Satire can be an easy and comedic way to do social commentary.
214
Sentence Definition
A group of words that expresses a complete thought.
215
Sentence Example
I am writing a sentence about sentences.
216
Sentence Effect on Text
Sentences make up stories as building blocks.
217
Appositive Definition
A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its
meaning.
218
Appositive Example
John, the baker at John's Bakery had a talk with James, an office worker.
219
Appositive Effect on Text
It gives characters a background on who they are.
220
Clause Definition
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.
221
Clause Example
My dog ran around the park
222
Clause Effect on Text
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences which make stories.
223
Independent Clause Definition
A complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
224
Independent Clause Example
Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food (Steak is my favorite food)
225
Independent Clause Effect on Text
These make up sentences
226
Dependent Clause Definition
A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.
227
Dependent Clause Example
Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food (Other than pizza)
228
Dependent Clause Effect on Text
They are a part of sentences.
229
Balanced sentence Definition
A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each
other like equal weights on a scale.
230
Balanced sentence Example
The room was filled with tall and short people
231
Balanced sentence Effect on Text
It gives rhythmic flow to the text
232
Compound sentence Definition
Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent
| clauses.
233
Compound sentence Example
Pizza is my favorite food and Pepsi is my favorite drink.
234
Compound sentence Effect on Text
It makes the paragraphs more engaging
235
Complex sentence Definition
Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.
236
Complex sentence Example
Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food
237
Complex sentence Effect on Text
It makes a vivid picture in mind of the reader
238
Cumulative sentence Definition
When the writer begins with an
| independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.
239
Cumulative sentence Example
He made a typo in the letter, and he hurried to fix it.
240
Cumulative sentence Effect on Text
They make the text simple and easy to understand
241
Periodic sentence definition
When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.
242
Periodic sentence example
He was panicking, he had just lost his watch at the store.
243
Periodic sentence Effect on text
It creates suspense for the reader.
244
Simple sentence Definition
Contains only one independent clause.
245
Simple sentence Example
I do not like to sing.
246
Simple sentence Effect on Text
It grabs the readers attention
247
Declarative sentence Definition
States an idea.
248
Declarative sentence Example
The baseball is a small ball.
249
Declarative sentence Effect on Text
it has no emotional impact
250
Imperative sentence Definition
Issues a command.
251
Imperative sentence Example
Finish your work now!
252
Imperative sentence Effect on Text
It makes the reader react.
253
Interrogative sentence Definition
Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns
254
Interrogative sentence Example
Who did you send the letter to?
255
Interrogative sentence Effect on Text
It makes the reader think.
256
Style Definition
The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes.
257
Style Example
The cop arrested the dude who robbed the bank.
258
Style Effect on Text
It tells the reader about the author.
259
Symbol Definition
Anything that represents or stands for something else.
260
Symbol Example
A snake symbolising evil in the Bible
261
Symbol Effect on the Text
It adds layers of meaning to the text
262
Syntax Definition D
Grammatical arrangement of words.
263
Syntax Example
Paul ate a cake
264
Syntax Effect on Text
It can make a sentence pleasant to read
265
Theme Definition
The central idea or message of a work.
266
Theme Example
The theme of the Ant and the Grasshopper is to balance time between work and play
267
Theme Effect on Text
It creates the framework of the story
268
Thesis Definition
The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning,
or proposition.
269
Thesis Example
People should recycle because it prevents waste, allows things to be reused, and it lowers the need to make new plastic.
270
Thesis Effect on Text
The thesis is the backbone of an argument
271
Tone Definition
A writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and
organization.
272
Tone Example
A comedy story will have a playful and humorous tone
273
Tone Effect on Text
The tone can affect how the story is written
274
Understatement Definition
The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant
than it is.
275
Understatement Example
The office workers worked hard today, finishing 5 tasks in 9 hours.
276
Understatement Effect on Text
It can be used for humor and irony
277
Litotes Definition
A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement
which otherwise would be used.
278
Litotes Example
Missing that important call didn't do your career very well
279
Litotes Effect on Text
It can either have the effect of an understatement or be an intensifying expression
280
Argument Definition
A piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion.
281
Argument Example
Mint Chocolate is a disgusting flavor for anything.
282
Argument Effect on Text
It sets up the thesis and premises.
283
Premises Definition
Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.
284
Premises Example
Mint is a bad flavor by itself.
285
Premises Effect on the Text
It helps when setting up for the conclusion.
286
Conclusion Definition
The end result of the argument.
287
Conclusion Example
Adding Mint to chocolates makes it disgusting
288
Conclusion Effect on Text
It provides the main point of the argument
289
Aristotle’s appeals Definition
To persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more
| valid than someone else's.
290
Aristotle’s appeals Examples
Ethos, Logos, Pathos
291
Aristotle’s appeals Effect on Text
It tries to use its appeals to persuade readers
292
Ethos (credibility) Definition
Being convinced by the credibility of the author.
293
Ethos (credibility) Examples
A scientist writing a paper about their field of research
294
Ethos (credibility) Effect on Text
It can be used to convince people based on the authority of the speaker
295
Pathos (emotional) Definition
Persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions.
296
Pathos (emotional) Examples
A dog shelter using images of dogs in need to get people to adopt.
297
Pathos (emotional) Effect on Text
It can get make a story contain a lot of emotions
298
Logos (logical) Definition
Persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid
arguments.
299
Logos (logical) Example
A politician using statistics to convince people to vote for them
300
Logos (logical) Effect on Text
It is the strongest method of persuasion`
301
Concession Definition
Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint.
302
Concession Example
In my argument against min chocolate I accept that people have their own opinion on mint chocolate
303
Concession Effect on the Text
It make one’s own argument
stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even
if it is presented by the opposition.
304
Conditional Statement Definition
An if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a
consequent.
305
Conditional Statement Example
If I don't do the work, then I will fail the class
306
Conditional Statement Effect on Text
It is used as a premise to an argument
307
Contradiction Definition
occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions,
308
Contradiction Example
The Flat Earth society saying they have members all over the globe
309
Contradiction Effect on Text
It makes the argument unreliable
310
Counterexample Definition
An example that runs counter to a
| generalization,
311
Counterexample Example
Sports are dumb because I don't like basketball and football. I do like Badminton. My argument is unsound
312
Counterexample Effect on Text
It makes an argument unsound
313
Deductive argument definition
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the
conclusion.
314
Deductive argument Example
Deer don't eat meat, so they are herbivores.
315
Deductive argument Effect on Text
It creates an argument that is impossible to falsify.
316
Fallacy Definition
An attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning.
317
Fallacy Example
A Straw Man or a Ad Hominem
318
Fallacy Effect on Text
It makes the text inaccurate or misleading
319
Ad hominem Definition
Personally attacking your opponents instead of their
| arguments.
320
Ad hominem Example
instead of attacking Johns opinion on pizza, Joe says "John is a fat idiot".
321
Ad hominem Effect on Text
It bypasses the actual argument in favor of insults
322
Appeal to authority Definition
The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right.
323
Appeal to authority Example
A paid sponsorship by an advertising company.
324
Appeal to authority Effect on Text
It makes people attracted to something that may not work even if endorsed by a celebrity
325
Appeal to the bandwagon Definition
The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or
used to believe it, or do it.
326
Appeal to the bandwagon Example
When everyone you know is buying a product so you buy it too
327
Appeal to the bandwagon Effect on Text
It makes people do or buy something they may not like but will do anyways to fit in.
328
Appeal to emotion Definition
An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions.
329
Appeal to emotion Example
A dictator trying to use patriotism to justify their plans
330
Appeal to emotion Effect on Text
It tries ignore the logic which means its probably wrong
331
Bad analogy Definition
Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren't.
332
Bad analogy Example
We give don't give poison to plants so why do we give soda to children
333
Bad analogy Effect on Text
It creates an argument that lacks logic
334
Cliche thinking Definition
Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no
exceptions.
335
Cliche thinking Example
Saying Hope for the best but knowing there is no way to succeed
336
Cliche thinking Effect on Text
Cliche thinking doesn't consider the full picture
337
False cause Definition
Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.
338
False cause Example
Before the War of 1812 there were no drunk driving crashes since then there have been drunk driving across America
339
False cause Effect on Text
False Causes make no logical sense so it makes the text unreliable
340
Hasty generalization Definition
A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data.
341
Hasty generalization Example
Paul started a multi-billion tech company after dropping out of college so, dropping out of college is the way to start multi-billion dollar companies.
342
Hasty generalization Effect on Text
It is not always true so the argument is coincidental not logical
343
Non Sequitur Definition
A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.
344
Non Sequitur Example
I read about the dangers of a pitbull. My neighbor has a pitbull. I am in danger
345
Non Sequitur Effect on Text
It makes the argument unsound and its used in parodies for humor
346
Slippery slope Definition
The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
possible outcome.
347
Slippery slope Example
If you cheat once you will continue cheating until you are caught and your life falls apart
348
Slippery slope Effect on Text
It affects the text by having everything go the worst possible route.
349
Inductive argument Definition
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion.
350
Inductive argument Example
After someone eats moldy food they get sick so, if you eat moldy food it's highly likely you will get sick
351
Inductive argument Effect on Text
It provides a valid argument that readers can that trust
352
Sound argument Definition
A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.
353
Sound argument
If you cough and sneeze a lot more than usual it is likely that you are sick
354
Sound argument Effect on Text
Sound Arguments are something that prove the validity of the text
355
Unstated premises Definition
When premises or even conclusions are left
| unexpressed.
356
Unstated premises Example
Charles is clever because all cats are clever
357
Unstated premises Effect on Text
It can leave an argument feeling unfinished.
358
Valid argument Definition
An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
359
Valid argument Example
Mark likes either pizza or burgers. Mark recently ordered a pizza. Mark likes pizza.
360
Valid argument Effect on Text
Valid Arguments it makes an argument trustworthy.
