AP Glossary Flashcards
Active Voice Definition
The subject of the sentence performs the action.
Active Voice Example
John walked the dog.
Active Voice Effect on Text
It makes sentences that clearer and easy to follow.
Passive voice Definition
The subject of the sentence receives the action.
Passive Voice Example
The dog was walked by John.
Passive Voice Effect on Text
It highlights important events by putting them in the beginning of the sentence.
Allusion Definition
An indirect reference to something the reader is supposed to be familiar. with.
Allusion Example
Barry’s Christmas spirit was that of The Grinch.
Allusion Effect on Text
It gives texta deeper meaning by referencing other materials readers are familiar.
Alter-Ego Definition
A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts
Alter-Ego Example
A narrator character in a story or play
Alter-Ego Effect on Text
It allows readers to see the authors thoughts as a part of the story
Anecdote Definition
A brief recounting of a relevant episode.
Anecdote Example
I was riding a bike as a kid and then just as i was getting confident i fell and hurt my arm.
Anecdote Effect on Text
It creates a friendly persuasive effect
Antecedent Definition
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
Antecedent Example
James lost the key to his house which ruined his day.
Antecedent Effect on Text
It makes a sentence clearer.
Classicism Definition
Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world.
Classicism Example
An author who write in the style of Roman and Greek texts.
Classicism Effect on Text
It makes texts similar to Greek and Roman classics
Comic Relief Definition
When a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood
somewhat.
Comic Relief Example
In horror stories there is usually a character who does dumb decisions which makes people laugh.
Comic Relief Effect on Text
It creates a point where the audience can take a break from the tension.
Diction Definition
Word choice, particularly as an element of style.
Diction Example
Formal: The man went to his house. Informal: The man went to his home.
Diction Effect on Text
Diction can show the quality of the writing.
Colloquial Definition
Ordinary or familiar type of conversation.
Colloquial Example
Someone saying “You are driving me bananas”
Colloquial Effect on Text
It makes characters more alive.
Connotation Definition
The associations suggested by a
word.
Connotation Example
Instead of saying residence you can say home.
Connotation Effect on Text
Persuade readers to see ideas in a favorable way.
Denotation Definition
The literal, explicit meaning of a word.
Denotation Example
House and Residence both mean the same thing (a place where you live in)
Denotation Effect on the Text
It helps the reader understand the text.
Jargon Definition
The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.
Jargon Example
When a movie studio uses crew to talk about the production staff.
Jargon Effect on Text
Jargon can be a barrier to those who aren’t part of the community that uses it.
Vernacular Definition
Plain everyday speech.
Vernacular Examples
“The words I am saying are an example of vernacular.”
Vernacular Effect on Text
It allows characters to talk and for readers to understand the words the speak.
Didactic Definition
A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or
provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
Didactic Example
The story The Tortoise and the Hare gives the lesson of slow and steady wins the race.
Didactic Effect on Text
The stories teach the reader a life lesson that they could use in their everyday life.
Adage Definition
A folk saying with a lesson.
Adage Example
Two wrongs don’t make a right
Adage Effect on Text
Adages give words of wisdom to the reader.
Allegory Definition
A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts.
Allegory Example
Godzilla is about a giant lizard monster but its shows the Japanese view of nuclear weapons after WWII.
Allegory Effect on Text
It can make stories have a deeper meaning to them.
Aphorism Definition
A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.
Aphorism Example
Franklin D. Roosevelt saying “the only thing to fear is fear itself”
Aphorism Effect on Text
Aphorisms can be an easy to remember life lesson
Ellipsis Definition
The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author.
Ellipsis Example
During the bowling game I got 8 pins knocked down while you got 7…
Ellipsis Effect on Text
Ellipsis can make a sentence shorter without losing the context.
Euphemism Definition
A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.
Euphemism Example
Saying “Gone to a better place” instead of saying that he/she died
Euphemism Effect on Text
Euphemism can make rude things less offensive in a story.
Figurative Language Definition
Writing that is not meant to be taken literally.
Figurative Language Examples
Simile, Metaphor, and Idiom
Figurative Language Effect on Text
It can make help readers understand the underlying symbolism of something to recognize a literary theme.
Analogy Definition
a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.
Analogy Examples
The band needs the conductor like an army needs a commander.
Analogy Effect on Text
Analogies can add depth to image and can make abstract ideas make sense.
Hyperbole Definition
Exaggeration.
Hyperbole Example
I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
Hyperbole Effect on Text
It’s used to make a description more creative
Idiom Definition
A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.
Idiom Example
Its raining cats and dogs.
Idiom Effect on Text
It makes the writing less flat.
Metaphor Definition
Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words.
Metaphor Example
My room is a freezer
Metaphor Effect on Text
They add detail to the writing
Metonymy Definition
Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.
Metonymy Example
In the saying “The pen is mightier than the sword” the pen means treaties while the sword means war
Metonymy Effect on Text
They summarize complex thing into recognizable words and concepts
Synecdoche Definition
A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its
parts, or vice versa.
Synecdoche Example
The boat had 40 hands on deck.
Synecdoche Effect on Text
It allows things to be generalized instead of individually listed
Simile Definition
Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very
different things.
Simile Example
My room is as cold as a freezer.
Synesthesia Definition
a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”
Synesthesia Example
The disgusting meal smelled like a weird mix of brown and green.
Synesthesia Effect on Text
It allows for a level of description
Personification Definition
Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.
Personification Example
The trees danced in the wind
Personification Effect on Text
It provides emotion to a lifeless scene
Foreshadowing Definition
When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.
Foreshadowing Example
In a horror story the protagonist finds an empty gun and takes it with them
Foreshadowing Effect on Text
Foreshadowing is used to get the audience in a state of tension
Genre Definition
The major category into which a literary work fits.
Genre Example
Fiction and Non-Fiction
Genre Effect on Text
The genre tells the reader what type of story the are reading
Gothic Definition
Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.
Gothic Example
A horror story about a haunted mansion
Gothic Effect on Text
It tells the reader that they are reading a dark story.
Imagery Definition
Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind.
Imagery Example
The meal tasted like every flavor and texture in the same bite
Imagery Effect on Text
Imagery creates detail about an object
Irony Definition
When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.
Irony Example
Seeing a fire extinguisher on fire
Irony Effect on Text
It creates humor in a story
Juxtaposition Definition
Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison.
Juxtaposition Example
Putting the life of a country person to a city person
Juxtaposition Effect on Text
It helps highlights contrasts
Mood Definition
The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice.
Mood Example
A sad story will have a somber mood
Mood Effect on Text
Mood can set the tone of the story and it can get readers to match the mood it’s trying to represent.
Motif Definition
a recurring idea in a piece of literature.
Motif Example
When disaster strikes people work together maker the motif that working together can overcome anything
Motif Effect on Text
The add symbolism by repeating the motif
Oxymoron Definition
When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox.
Oxymoron Example
Act Naturally.
Oxymoron Effect on Text
They encourage audiences to critically think.
Pacing Definition
The speed or tempo of an author’s writing.
Pacing Example
A mystery text usually have a slow pace.
Pacing Effect on Text
Pacing can affect how the story unfolds
Paradox Definition
A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.
Paradox Example
The beginning of the end
Paradox Effect on Text
It helps add mystery to a story.
Parallelism Definition
Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.
Parallelism Example
Martin Luther King Jr. repeating “I have a dream” followed by the verb “will”.
Parallelism Effect on Text
It makes phrases more memorable
Anaphora Definition
Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.
Anaphora Example
I came, I saw, I conquered.
Anaphora Effect on Text
This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer’s point more coherent.
Simile Effect on Text
It makes things more descriptive
Chiasmus Definition
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed.
Chiasmus Example
Think and wonder, wonder and think.
Chiasmus Effect on Text
It creates a symmetrical structure
Antithesis Definition
Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel
structure.
Antithesis Example
One small step for man - one giant leap for mankind.
Antithesis Effect on Text
It be used to contrast two different objects or concepts
Zeugma Definition
When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.
Zeugma Example
The charming thief stole her heart and her money.
Zeugma Effect on Text
It gives readers a surprise.
Parenthetical Idea Defintion
Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.
Parenthetical Idea Example
When the time comes (which is getting closer) James will have to close his shop.
Parenthetical Idea Effect on Text
It acts like a whisper and should be used in moderation
Parody Definition
An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.
Parody Example
When someone makes a dumb version of a popular song.
Parody Effect on Text
We use it to criticize something without be rude.
Persona Definition
The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.
Persona Example
A idol having a fake personality to maintain their image.
Persona Effect on Text
It is used to enlighten the reader.
Poetic device Definition
A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.
Poetic device Example
Alliteration and Onomatopoeia
Poetic device Effect on Text
It enhances the timing and rhythm
Alliteration Definition
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.
Alliteration Example
Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
Alliteration Effect on Text
It makes text momerable
Assonance Definition
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.
Assonance Example
It beats as it sweeps as it cleans.
Assonance Effect on Text
It makes writing more music-like
Consonance Definition
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.
Consonance Example
The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain
Consonance Effect on Text
It makes writing more music-like
Onomatopoeia Definition
The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.
Onomatopoeia Example
Bang!
Onomatopoeia Effect on Text
It creates sound in the reader’s mind
Internal rhyme Definition
When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.
Internal rhyme Example
The boy raked hay so he could play
Internal rhyme Effect on Text
It can quicken the poems pace
Slant rhyme Definition
When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly
Slant rhyme Example
We tried to make a row
but we did not know
Slant rhyme Effect on Text
It gives reader a feeling of the unexpected
End rhyme Definition
When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.
End rhyme Example
We needed to find a goat. But all we found was a boat.
End rhyme Effect on Text
It creates a rhythm within the text
Rhyme Scheme Definition
The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.
Rhyme Scheme Example
Dr. Seuss does this a lot in his books
Rhyme Scheme Effect on Text
It helps readers see what is coming
Stressed and unstressed syllables Definition
In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force
than the other syllable(s).
Stressed and unstressed syllables Example
The I in recite is stressed
Stressed and unstressed syllables Effect on Text
They strengthen the meaning of a word
Meter Definition
A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.
Meter Example
Meters use the symbols ´ and ◡ to show if the syllables is stressed or not.
Meter Effect on Text
It can give readers an idea where and when the text came from.
Free Verse Definition
Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.
Free Verse Example
This is a Free Verse There is no rhyme But yet it is still a poem Why am I Still on page five
Free Verse Effect on Text
It allows writers to be creative when writing a poem
Iambic pentameter Definition
Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.
Iambic pentameter Example
“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
Iambic pentameter Effect on Text
It is used to create a natural feeling.
Sonnet Definition
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter.
Sonnet Example
Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 is the one with “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
Sonnet Effect on Text
Sonnets allow for poets to write about religion politics and even love
Polysyndeton Definition
When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.
Polysyndeton Example
Ralph did everything from cleaning the bathroom, and taking out the trash, and organizing the store.
Polysyndeton Effect on Text
Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.
Pun Definition
When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.
Pun Example
Someone saying “I’m not a fan of this” while shopping for fans
Pun Effect on Text
It’s used to create humor
Rhetoric Definition
The art of effective communication.
Rhetoric Example
An advertisement trying to get you to buy their product
Rhetoric Effect
It can persuade readers
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Definition
The relationships, in any piece of writing,
between the writer, the audience, and the
subject.
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Example
The writer writes a story by using his ethics and persona. The subject is based on logic and reason. The audience reacts with appeal and emotion
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Effect on Text
It allows authors to appeal to the audiences ethics, logic, and or emotion
Rhetorical Question Definition
Question not asked for information but for effect.
Rhetorical Question Example
Why would you make that decision?
Rhetorical Question Effect on Text
It allows readers to fill in the gap made by the question
Romanticism Definition
Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the
world, and an emphasis on nature.
Romanticism Example
Having a book about a strong hero and having a focus on the countryside.
Romanticism Effect on Text
Romanticism gives readers more emotional texts to read
Sarcasm Definition
A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded.
Sarcasm Example
The answer is obviously 43 (said in a mocking tone)
Sarcasm Effect on Text
It can show off a characters personality.
Satire Definition
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect.
Satire Example
When someone makes a joke about politics or political actions.
Satire Effect on Text
Satire can be an easy and comedic way to do social commentary.
Sentence Definition
A group of words that expresses a complete thought.
Sentence Example
I am writing a sentence about sentences.
Sentence Effect on Text
Sentences make up stories as building blocks.
Appositive Definition
A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its
meaning.
Appositive Example
John, the baker at John’s Bakery had a talk with James, an office worker.
Appositive Effect on Text
It gives characters a background on who they are.
Clause Definition
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.
Clause Example
My dog ran around the park
Clause Effect on Text
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences which make stories.
Independent Clause Definition
A complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
Independent Clause Example
Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food (Steak is my favorite food)
Independent Clause Effect on Text
These make up sentences
Dependent Clause Definition
A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.
Dependent Clause Example
Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food (Other than pizza)
Dependent Clause Effect on Text
They are a part of sentences.
Balanced sentence Definition
A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each
other like equal weights on a scale.
Balanced sentence Example
The room was filled with tall and short people
Balanced sentence Effect on Text
It gives rhythmic flow to the text
Compound sentence Definition
Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent
clauses.
Compound sentence Example
Pizza is my favorite food and Pepsi is my favorite drink.
Compound sentence Effect on Text
It makes the paragraphs more engaging
Complex sentence Definition
Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.
Complex sentence Example
Other than pizza, steak is my favorite food
Complex sentence Effect on Text
It makes a vivid picture in mind of the reader
Cumulative sentence Definition
When the writer begins with an
independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.
Cumulative sentence Example
He made a typo in the letter, and he hurried to fix it.
Cumulative sentence Effect on Text
They make the text simple and easy to understand
Periodic sentence definition
When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.
Periodic sentence example
He was panicking, he had just lost his watch at the store.
Periodic sentence Effect on text
It creates suspense for the reader.
Simple sentence Definition
Contains only one independent clause.
Simple sentence Example
I do not like to sing.
Simple sentence Effect on Text
It grabs the readers attention
Declarative sentence Definition
States an idea.
Declarative sentence Example
The baseball is a small ball.
Declarative sentence Effect on Text
it has no emotional impact
Imperative sentence Definition
Issues a command.
Imperative sentence Example
Finish your work now!
Imperative sentence Effect on Text
It makes the reader react.
Interrogative sentence Definition
Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns
Interrogative sentence Example
Who did you send the letter to?
Interrogative sentence Effect on Text
It makes the reader think.
Style Definition
The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes.
Style Example
The cop arrested the dude who robbed the bank.
Style Effect on Text
It tells the reader about the author.
Symbol Definition
Anything that represents or stands for something else.
Symbol Example
A snake symbolising evil in the Bible
Symbol Effect on the Text
It adds layers of meaning to the text
Syntax Definition D
Grammatical arrangement of words.
Syntax Example
Paul ate a cake
Syntax Effect on Text
It can make a sentence pleasant to read
Theme Definition
The central idea or message of a work.
Theme Example
The theme of the Ant and the Grasshopper is to balance time between work and play
Theme Effect on Text
It creates the framework of the story
Thesis Definition
The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning,
or proposition.
Thesis Example
People should recycle because it prevents waste, allows things to be reused, and it lowers the need to make new plastic.
Thesis Effect on Text
The thesis is the backbone of an argument
Tone Definition
A writer’s attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and
organization.
Tone Example
A comedy story will have a playful and humorous tone
Tone Effect on Text
The tone can affect how the story is written
Understatement Definition
The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant
than it is.
Understatement Example
The office workers worked hard today, finishing 5 tasks in 9 hours.
Understatement Effect on Text
It can be used for humor and irony
Litotes Definition
A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement
which otherwise would be used.
Litotes Example
Missing that important call didn’t do your career very well
Litotes Effect on Text
It can either have the effect of an understatement or be an intensifying expression
Argument Definition
A piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion.
Argument Example
Mint Chocolate is a disgusting flavor for anything.
Argument Effect on Text
It sets up the thesis and premises.
Premises Definition
Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.
Premises Example
Mint is a bad flavor by itself.
Premises Effect on the Text
It helps when setting up for the conclusion.
Conclusion Definition
The end result of the argument.
Conclusion Example
Adding Mint to chocolates makes it disgusting
Conclusion Effect on Text
It provides the main point of the argument
Aristotle’s appeals Definition
To persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more
valid than someone else’s.
Aristotle’s appeals Examples
Ethos, Logos, Pathos
Aristotle’s appeals Effect on Text
It tries to use its appeals to persuade readers
Ethos (credibility) Definition
Being convinced by the credibility of the author.
Ethos (credibility) Examples
A scientist writing a paper about their field of research
Ethos (credibility) Effect on Text
It can be used to convince people based on the authority of the speaker
Pathos (emotional) Definition
Persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions.
Pathos (emotional) Examples
A dog shelter using images of dogs in need to get people to adopt.
Pathos (emotional) Effect on Text
It can get make a story contain a lot of emotions
Logos (logical) Definition
Persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid
arguments.
Logos (logical) Example
A politician using statistics to convince people to vote for them
Logos (logical) Effect on Text
It is the strongest method of persuasion`
Concession Definition
Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint.
Concession Example
In my argument against min chocolate I accept that people have their own opinion on mint chocolate
Concession Effect on the Text
It make one’s own argument
stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even
if it is presented by the opposition.
Conditional Statement Definition
An if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a
consequent.
Conditional Statement Example
If I don’t do the work, then I will fail the class
Conditional Statement Effect on Text
It is used as a premise to an argument
Contradiction Definition
occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions,
Contradiction Example
The Flat Earth society saying they have members all over the globe
Contradiction Effect on Text
It makes the argument unreliable
Counterexample Definition
An example that runs counter to a
generalization,
Counterexample Example
Sports are dumb because I don’t like basketball and football. I do like Badminton. My argument is unsound
Counterexample Effect on Text
It makes an argument unsound
Deductive argument definition
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the
conclusion.
Deductive argument Example
Deer don’t eat meat, so they are herbivores.
Deductive argument Effect on Text
It creates an argument that is impossible to falsify.
Fallacy Definition
An attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning.
Fallacy Example
A Straw Man or a Ad Hominem
Fallacy Effect on Text
It makes the text inaccurate or misleading
Ad hominem Definition
Personally attacking your opponents instead of their
arguments.
Ad hominem Example
instead of attacking Johns opinion on pizza, Joe says “John is a fat idiot”.
Ad hominem Effect on Text
It bypasses the actual argument in favor of insults
Appeal to authority Definition
The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right.
Appeal to authority Example
A paid sponsorship by an advertising company.
Appeal to authority Effect on Text
It makes people attracted to something that may not work even if endorsed by a celebrity
Appeal to the bandwagon Definition
The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or
used to believe it, or do it.
Appeal to the bandwagon Example
When everyone you know is buying a product so you buy it too
Appeal to the bandwagon Effect on Text
It makes people do or buy something they may not like but will do anyways to fit in.
Appeal to emotion Definition
An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions.
Appeal to emotion Example
A dictator trying to use patriotism to justify their plans
Appeal to emotion Effect on Text
It tries ignore the logic which means its probably wrong
Bad analogy Definition
Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t.
Bad analogy Example
We give don’t give poison to plants so why do we give soda to children
Bad analogy Effect on Text
It creates an argument that lacks logic
Cliche thinking Definition
Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no
exceptions.
Cliche thinking Example
Saying Hope for the best but knowing there is no way to succeed
Cliche thinking Effect on Text
Cliche thinking doesn’t consider the full picture
False cause Definition
Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.
False cause Example
Before the War of 1812 there were no drunk driving crashes since then there have been drunk driving across America
False cause Effect on Text
False Causes make no logical sense so it makes the text unreliable
Hasty generalization Definition
A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data.
Hasty generalization Example
Paul started a multi-billion tech company after dropping out of college so, dropping out of college is the way to start multi-billion dollar companies.
Hasty generalization Effect on Text
It is not always true so the argument is coincidental not logical
Non Sequitur Definition
A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.
Non Sequitur Example
I read about the dangers of a pitbull. My neighbor has a pitbull. I am in danger
Non Sequitur Effect on Text
It makes the argument unsound and its used in parodies for humor
Slippery slope Definition
The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
possible outcome.
Slippery slope Example
If you cheat once you will continue cheating until you are caught and your life falls apart
Slippery slope Effect on Text
It affects the text by having everything go the worst possible route.
Inductive argument Definition
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion.
Inductive argument Example
After someone eats moldy food they get sick so, if you eat moldy food it’s highly likely you will get sick
Inductive argument Effect on Text
It provides a valid argument that readers can that trust
Sound argument Definition
A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.
Sound argument
If you cough and sneeze a lot more than usual it is likely that you are sick
Sound argument Effect on Text
Sound Arguments are something that prove the validity of the text
Unstated premises Definition
When premises or even conclusions are left
unexpressed.
Unstated premises Example
Charles is clever because all cats are clever
Unstated premises Effect on Text
It can leave an argument feeling unfinished.
Valid argument Definition
An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
Valid argument Example
Mark likes either pizza or burgers. Mark recently ordered a pizza. Mark likes pizza.
Valid argument Effect on Text
Valid Arguments it makes an argument trustworthy.
