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AP Glossary Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Active Voice - Definition

A

Definition - The subject of the sentence performs the action. This is a more direct and preferred style of
writing in most cases.

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2
Q

Passive Voice - Definition

A

Definition - The subject of the sentence goes after the action causing the text to be less direct.

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3
Q

Allusion - Definition

A

Definition - An indirect reference to some previous piece of information or action known by the common people..

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4
Q

Alter-ego - Definition

A

Definition - A term used to denote a change in personality, emotional status or something else that may majorly define how a character may act.

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5
Q

Anecdote - Definition

A

Definition - A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Anecdotes are often inserted into fictional or non
fictional texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor.

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6
Q

Antecedent - Definition

A

Definition -The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

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7
Q

Classicism - Definition

A

Definition - Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional
themes and structures

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8
Q

Comic relief - Definition

A

Definition - A moment or action that is considered funny occurs in a serious story or event.

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9
Q

Diction - Definition

A

Definition - Word choice and overall dialect

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10
Q

Colloquial - Definition

A

Definition - Ordinary or familiar words and phrases.

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11
Q

Connotation - Definition

A

Definition - Words not meant to literally represent there definition

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12
Q

Denotation - Definition

A

Definition - The literal and intended meaning

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13
Q

Jargon - Definition

A

Definition - Language used among a particular group

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14
Q

Vernacular - Definition

A

Definition - The language or dialect of a particular region, area or group

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15
Q

Didactic - Definition

A

Definition - A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or
provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.

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16
Q

Adage - Definition

A

Definition - A folk saying with a lesson.

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17
Q

Allegory - Definition

A

Definition - A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts. The interaction of these characters, things, and events is meant to reveal an
abstraction or a truth.

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18
Q

Aphorism - Definition

A

Definition - A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.

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19
Q

Ellipsis - Definition

A

Definition - The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author.

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20
Q

Euphemism - Definition

A

Definition - A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.
Sometimes they are used for political correctness.

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21
Q

Figurative Language - Definition

A

Definition - - “Figurative Language” is the opposite of “Literal Language.” Literal language is
writing that makes complete sense when you take it at face value. “Figurative Language” is the opposite:
writing that is not meant to be taken literally.

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22
Q

Analogy - Definition

A

Definition - An analogy is a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables. When
a writer uses an analogy, he or she argues that the relationship between the first pair of variables is
the same as the relationship between the second pair of variables.

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23
Q

Hyperbole - Definition

A

Definition - Exaggeration

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24
Q

Idiom - Definition

A

Definition - A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.

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25
Q

Metaphor - Definition

A

Definition - Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words.

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26
Q

Metonymy - Definition

A

Definition - Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.

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27
Q

Synecdoche - Definition

A

Definition - A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its
parts, or vice versa.

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28
Q

Simile - Definition

A

Definition - Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very
different things.

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29
Q

Synesthesia - Definition

A

Definition - – a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”

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30
Q

Personification - Definition

A

Definition - Using human like qualities to define an inanimate or simply non human object

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31
Q

Foreshadowing - Definition

A

Definition - When authors hints at events that have yet to occur

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32
Q

Genre - Definition

A

Definition - The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose,
poetry, and drama. However, genres can be subdivided as well

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33
Q

Gothic - Definition

A

Definition - Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death. Also refers to an architectural style
of the middle ages, often seen in cathedrals of this period.

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34
Q

Imagery - Definition

A

Definition - Words used to cerate images inside ones mind.

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35
Q

Active Voice - Example

A

Example - Rodney stepped forward to present himself.

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36
Q

Active Voice - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - The text becomes more direct.

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37
Q

Passive Voice - Example

A

Example - Stepping forward, Rodney presented himself

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38
Q

Passive voice - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It becomes less direct and is less favored for both authors and readers.

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39
Q

Allusion - Example

A

Example - This barely holds a candle to the likes of Shakespeare.

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40
Q

Allusion - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It makes a direct connection to the reader and makes them feel involved in the story

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41
Q

Alter-ego - Example

A

Example - The once kind and gentle man we all saw him as, fell away and revealed a bitter, angry soul.

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42
Q

Alter-ego - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Its versatile so ill sum up its effects, turning point for character development, build tension, act as a surprise, ect.

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43
Q

Anecdote - Example

A

Example - That tavern brawl was something else, there were ducks flying around the room without feathers. It did end a bit anticlimactic but I have no doubt that there will be more.

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44
Q

Anecdote - Effect on text

A

Effect on the text - Could be used to give insight to another character or surmise a small event with no real consequence.

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45
Q

Antecedent - Example

A

Example - The stone said to be a guide to something grand means nothing, for it is just a rock.

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46
Q

Antecedent - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It allows one to write a sentence without repeating what an object is over and over again which in turn would be tedious for the reader

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47
Q

Classism - Example

A

Example - As the man ran into town he soon realized that he made a classic blunder, he had forgotten his phone.

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48
Q

Classism - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - The overall story stays to a conventional standard and is therefore easily understandable and relatable.

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49
Q

Comic-Relief - Example

A

Example - Men, I know what were about to face but I beleb….did I just forget English in the middle of a speech? I HAD ONE JOB!!!

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50
Q

Comic-Relief - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Causes the mood to be brought back down to base line to allow for further moments that may not be serious.

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51
Q

Diction - Example

A

Example - Soda vs. Pop vs. Cola

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52
Q

Diction - Effect on text

A

Effect on the story - Can give insight to an authors or characters background, mainly location .

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53
Q

Colloquial - Example

A

Example - So, how’s the misses doing after everything?

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54
Q

Colloquial - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Keeps things casual and familiar.

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55
Q

Connotation - Example

A

Example - Policeman, Cop, Fuzz, The Man

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56
Q

Connotation - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Given the use of such words nowadays it could easily be used to bridge a gap between and audience at a literary level.

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57
Q

Denotation - Example

A

Example - Law enforcer

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58
Q

Denotation - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Could be used to show a serious character or seen if the language before fell under connotation.

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59
Q

Jargon - Example

A

Example - Lawyers often have special words for certain techniques or practices.

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60
Q

Jargon - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Shows that a person in there field knows what there talking about even the reader may not.

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61
Q

Vernacular - Example

A

Examples - Cant give you an example without feeling wrong

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62
Q

Vernacular - Effect on text

A

Effect on the text - Shows what particular place or area a character is from, giving insight to there potential character and values.

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63
Q

Didact - Example

A

Example - currently got nothing from my memory on this one

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64
Q

Didact - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It shows that this lesson is widely regarded by everyone as necessary for a person to know thus you are more likely to remember it.

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65
Q

Adage - Example

A

Example - A rolling stone gathers no moss

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66
Q

Adage - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Gives insight to cultural background and beliefs, could be used as a mechanism for explain a phenomenon in fictional text.

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67
Q

Allegory - Example

A

Example - Some consider Stanley Cubic’s film, The Shinning as an allegory for the killing of Native Americans given subtle imagery in the film.

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68
Q

Allegory - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It could used to subtly hint at the end goal of a plot or character arch if the connections are made early enough.

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69
Q

Aphorism - Example

A

Example - Its the honest man who is rewarded for his actions.

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70
Q

Aphorism - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It could be a very blunt way of stating a hinted at character need in a way that feels somehow natural.

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71
Q

Ellipsis - Example

A

Example - The whole day, rain, torrents of rain.

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72
Q

Ellipsis - Effect on text

A

Effect on the text - It could be used as way to convey relief or disbelief at an action

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73
Q

Euphemism - Example

A

Example - The term “special” used to refer to the mentally challenged.

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74
Q

Euphemism - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Shows that the author or character is sensitive to such topics and treats them with care.

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75
Q

Figurative Language - Example

A

Example - Dam that chasm is deep, well go on and jump in

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76
Q

Figurative Language - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Could be used for jokes or to subvert a statement with a scenario that follows the statements logic but should never be taken seriously.

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77
Q

Analogy - Example

A

Example - You who are suppose to lead this world squabble like foxes and hens.

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78
Q

Analogy - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Can be used a detractor from a character or situation but can also do the inverse.

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79
Q

Hyperbole - Example

A

Example - Your dumber than a sack of potatoes

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80
Q

Hyperbole - Effect on text

A

Effect on the text - It gives an understanding of just how well or poor something is relative to what its being compared to.

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81
Q

Idiom - Example

A

Example - Oh ya, that rock was as soft as it could be.

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82
Q

Idiom - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Gives context to a situation without being so blunt about it.

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83
Q

Metaphor - Example

A

Example - Less useful than a bag of bricks.

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84
Q

Metaphor - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Indirect comparisons

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85
Q

Metonymy - Example

A

Example - Relations between London and Washington have been strained.

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86
Q

Metonymy - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Defines something in a more casual, less direct manner.

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87
Q

Synecdoche - Example

A

Example - That new ride is bound pull some tail.

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88
Q

Synecdoche - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Defines something in a more casual, less direct manner.

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89
Q

Simile - Example

A

Example - Your like a dog chasing its tail or a car.

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90
Q

Simile - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - A perfect easy way to compare two things and really emphasize an aspect or object.

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91
Q

Synesthesia - Example

A

Example - He saw the delicious food

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92
Q

Synesthesia - Effect on text

A

Effect on the text - Its a neat way of giving context or description to something allowing one to describe something in way you never could originally.

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93
Q

Personification - Example

A

Example - That lamp is awfully smart

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94
Q

Personification - Effect on text

A

Effect on the text - Changes the way in which we may describe things, making them feel more human even it is, in fact just a lamp.

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95
Q

Foreshadowing - Example

A

Example - You imply that there is no way that the main villain will have that ability or item and it turns out he dose

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96
Q

Foreshadowing - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It changes the way you view the text, should it keep going than you’ll start to anticipate things.

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97
Q

Genre - Example

A

Example - Poetry, biography’s, Romance, Sci-fi

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98
Q

Genre - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - It typically gives one an idea of what they are about to read with out even seeing the title.

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99
Q

Gothic - Example

A

Example - Original Dracula and most of H.P Lovecraft work’s

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100
Q

Gothic - Effect on text

A

Effect on the Text - Sets the reader and writer up for a dark story that will likely involve death.

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101
Q

Invective - Definition

A

A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.

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102
Q

Invective - Example

A

You have to be the most idiotic person on the planet to think this is a good idea, just look at yourself!

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103
Q

Invective - Effect on the text

A

Allows for strong moments of emotional outburst while still being controlled enough to not go to far and will likely be done on purpose in most cases, for the characters at least

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104
Q

Irony - Definition

A

When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.

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105
Q

Irony - Example

A

A marriage counselor files for divorce

A fire station burns down

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106
Q

Irony - Effect on text

A

Can easily cause comedic moments

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107
Q

Verbal irony - Definition

A

When you say something and mean the opposite/something different. For example,

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108
Q

Verbal Irony - Example

A

if your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a “walk in the
park” it would be verbal irony. If your voice tone is bitter, it’s called sarcasm.

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109
Q

Verbal Irony - Effect on text

A

Can easily cause comedic moments

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110
Q

Dramatic irony - Definition

A

When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the
character doesn’t and would be surprised to find out.

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111
Q

Dramatic Irony - Example

A

we (the
audience) know who the killer is, which the victim-to-be has no idea who is doing the slaying.
Sometimes the character trusts the killer completely when (ironically) he/she shouldn’t.

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112
Q

Dramatic Irony - Effect on text

A

Can alter the way audience feels, typically they feel more in the know and anticipate moments more due to it

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113
Q

Situational irony - Definition

A

Found in the plot (or story line) of a book, story, or movie. Sometimes it
makes you laugh because it’s funny how things turn out.

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114
Q

Situational Irony - Example

A

For example, Johnny spent two hours
planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie. When he finally did manage to
sneak inside he found out that kids were admitted free that day.

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115
Q

Situational Irony - Effect on text

A

Typically only causes comedy to occur or negative emotions

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116
Q

Juxtaposition - Definition

A

Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison. Authors often use juxtaposition
of ideas or examples in order to make a point.

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117
Q

Juxtaposition - Example

A

an author my juxtapose the average day of a

typical American with that of someone in the third world in order to make a point of social commentary

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118
Q

Juxtaposition - Effect on text

A

Just really used to compare to things to make a point

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119
Q

Mood - Definition

A

The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (diction). Syntax
is often a creator of mood since word order, sentence length and strength and complexity also affect pacing
and therefore mood. Setting, tone, and events can all affect the mood.

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120
Q

Mood - Example

A

Melancholy
Whimsical
Idyllic

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121
Q

Mood - Effect on text

A

It is so core to the text that I dont even need to describe it, without it you loose so much.

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122
Q

Motif - Definition

A

a recurring idea in a piece of literature.

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123
Q

Motif - Example

A

To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that “you never really

understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view”

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124
Q

Motif - Effect on text

A

Sets almost standard when it comes to the writing of a piece of text for once you have motif it is than the writers job to tie in as many core details or events back into it

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125
Q

Oxymoron - Definition

A

A paradoxical term or sentence

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126
Q

Oxymoron - Example

A

Deafening Silence

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127
Q

Oxymoron - Effect on text

A

Tends to make writing playful

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128
Q

Pacing - Definition

A

The speed or tempo of an author’s writing. Writers can use a variety of devices (syntax,
polysyndeton, anaphora, meter) to change the pacing of their words. An author’s pacing can be fast,
sluggish, stabbing, vibrato, staccato, measured, etc.

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129
Q

Pacing - Example

A

I know what this is, doubt my own intelligence

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130
Q

Pacing - Effect on text

A

Its pacing….Its sets the pace/speed of the text. It determines how fast or slow the story or overall writing progresses.

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131
Q

Paradox - Definition

A

A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true

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132
Q

Paradox - Example

A

Deep down, you’re really shallow.

I’m a compulsive liar.

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133
Q

Paradox - Effect on text

A

It makes one think and thus makes one engage in the text more than before

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134
Q

Parallelism - Definition

A

(Also known as parallel structure or balanced sentences.) Sentence construction which
places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.
Parallelism is used to add emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to writing.

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135
Q

Parallelism - Example

A

“Cinderella swept the

floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs.”

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136
Q

Parallelism - Effect on text

A

Determines the organization of writing, emphasis, and pacing

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137
Q

Anaphora - Definition

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer’s point more
coherent.

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138
Q

Anaphora - Example

A

I came, I saw, I conquered.

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139
Q

Anaphora - Effect on text

A

Makes the writers point more coherent.

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140
Q

Chiasmus - Definiton

A

When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of
the words is reversed.

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141
Q

Chiasmus - Example

A

Love causes war and in turn, war causes one to understand and sanctify love

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142
Q

Chiasmus - Effect on text

A

What it may be used for is to drive home a circular argument wherein two opposite ideas when acted out cause the other to form and manifest which then leads back to the other.

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143
Q

Antithesis - Definition

A

Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel
structure.

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144
Q

Antithesis - Example

A

There was god, there is no god

Curved and Straight

145
Q

Antithesis - Effect on text

A

To strengthen an argument and make it more memorable.

146
Q

Zuegma (Syllepsis) - Definition

A

When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the
meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.

147
Q

Zuegma (Syllepsis) - Example

A

“The butler killed the lights, and then the mistress.”

148
Q

Zuegma (Syllepsis) - Effect on text

A

Connects two unrelated terms.

149
Q

Parenthetical Idea - Definition

A

Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence. It is almost
considered an aside…a whisper, and should be used sparingly for effect, rather than repeatedly. Parentheses
can also be used to set off dates and numbers.

150
Q

Parenthetical Idea - Example

A

“In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the

gallon) America will be out of oil.”

151
Q

Parenthetical Idea - Effect on text

A

Often used to point out an side point that would not be mentioned otherwise or later on, may also be used to induct the idea that a whisper of words has taken place.

152
Q

Parody - Definition

A

An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes. It borrows words or phrases
from an original, and pokes fun at it.

153
Q

Parody - Example

A

Look at most cameo characters in either Simpsons or family guy, they are highly exaggerated to an extreme

154
Q

Parody - Effect on text

A

Ties in a secondary source for either comedic or weaken a counter argument, claim or opinion by presenting such as cartooning and exaggerated

155
Q

Persona - Definition

A

The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story. Do not confuse with alter-ego.

156
Q

Persona - Example

A

I have no good example but this can best be surmised as a separate entity telling whatever tale it may be yet they are clearly there own character.

157
Q

Persona - Effect on text

A

Unclear or Unknown

158
Q

Poetic device - Definition

A

A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.

159
Q

Poetic device - Example

A

Alliteration,Irony,Rhyme

160
Q

Poetic device - Effect on text

A

It shapes the way a singular or entire poem may be written

161
Q

Alliteration - Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.

162
Q

Alliteration - Example

A

a vendetta, held as a votive, not in vain, for the value and veracity of such shall one day vindicate the vigilant

163
Q

Alliteration - Effect on text

A

Often makes for faster flowing text, while not necessarily change mode or tone

164
Q

Assonance - Definition

A

The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.

165
Q

Assonance - Example

A

“From the molten-golden notes”

166
Q

Assonance - Effect on text

A

Accelerate the musical effects in a poem

167
Q

Consonance - Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.

168
Q

Consonance - Example

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

169
Q

Consonance - Effect on text

A

Tends to effect the speed at which we read, the effect wherein is often the slowing down of said reading

170
Q

Onomatopoeia - Definition

A

The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.

171
Q

Onomatopoeia - Example

A

Snap

Pika -in Japanese this is sound used to represent electricity

172
Q

Onomatopoeia - Effect on text

A

Often to make text more lively or actions more jarring

173
Q

Internal rhyme - Definition

A

When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.

174
Q

Internal rhyme - Example

A

“To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!”

175
Q

Internal rhyme - Effect on text

A

Allows for a story or poem to become unified

176
Q

Slant rhyme - Definition

A

When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly – they are merely similar.

177
Q

Slant rhyme - Example

A

“I sat upon a stone, / And found my life has gone.”

178
Q

Slant rhyme - Effect on text

A

Its is done to continue a rhyme scheme that other wise may not occur

179
Q

End rhyme - Definition

A

When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.

180
Q

End rhyme - Example

A

“Roses are red, violets are blue, / Sugar is sweet, and so are you.”

181
Q

End rhyme - Effect on text

A

They give a musical element to the text

182
Q

Rhyme Scheme - Definition

A

The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes. For example, the following lines have a

183
Q

Rhyme Scheme - Example

A

a b a b c d c d

184
Q

Rhyme Scheme - Effect on text

A

They help make a poem musical and set a pattern

185
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables - Definition

A

In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force
than the other syllable(s).

186
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables - Example

A

In the name “Nathan,” the first syllable is stressed.

187
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables - Effect on text

A

Unknown

188
Q

Meter - Definition

A

A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.

189
Q

Meter - Example

A

I currently lack the capacity to comprehend the examples

190
Q

Meter - Effect on text

A

Unknown

191
Q

Free verse - Definition

A

Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.

192
Q

Free verse - Example

A

After the Sea-Ship-after the whistling winds;

After the white-gray sails, taut to their spars and ropes,

Below, a myriad, myriad waves, hastening, lifting up their necks,

Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track of the ship:

193
Q

Free verse - Effect on text

A

Grants an Irregular musical nature

194
Q

Iambic pentameter - Definition

A

Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.

195
Q

Iambic pentameter - Example

A

“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

196
Q

Iambic pentameter - Effect on text

A

Reflects the sound of “natural conversation”

197
Q

Sonnet - Definition

A

A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.

198
Q

Sonnet - Example

A

When I consider how my light is spent,
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest He returning chide;
“Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?”
I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies, “God doth not need
Either man’s work or His own gifts. Who best
Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best. His state
Is kingly: thousands at His bidding speed,
And post o’er land and ocean without rest;
They also serve who only stand and wait.”

199
Q

Sonnet - Effect on text

A

Unknown

200
Q

Polysyndeton - Definition

A

When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions. Normally, a
conjunction is used only before the last item in a list.

201
Q

Polysyndeton - Example

A

“I walked the dog, and fed

the cat, and milked the cows.”

202
Q

Polysyndeton - Effect on text

A

Elicits and exciting or serious mood

203
Q

Pun - Definition

A

When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.

204
Q

Pun - Example

A

“My dog has a fur coat and pants!”

205
Q

Pun - Effect on text

A

Its there to create humor or irony mayhap even wryness

206
Q

Rhetoric - Definition

A

The art of effective communication.

207
Q

Rhetoric - Example

A

Think political speeches or speeches driven by a cultural movement.

208
Q

Rhetoric - Effect on text

A

It serves to create text meant to convey and idea or message and as by leaders and people who want to create change

209
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle - Definition

A

The relationships, in any piece of writing,
between the writer, the audience, and the
subject. All analysis of writing is essentially
an analysis of the relationships between the
points on the triangle.

210
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle - Example

A

We went over this in class, just look up an image every time you flip this card

211
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle - Effect on text

A

Sets a dam near perfect standard for rhetorical writing.

212
Q

Rhetorical Question - Definition

A

Question not asked for information but for effect.

213
Q

Rhetorical Question - Example

A

Why are you teaching why I’m talking?

214
Q

Rhetorical Question - Effect on text

A

a device used to persuade or subtly influence the audience.

215
Q

Romanticism - Definition

A

Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the
world, and an emphasis on nature. Does not rely on traditional themes and structures

216
Q

Romanticism - Example

A

To large of an idea to give a consumable example of for this format,

217
Q

Romanticism - Effect on text

A

Refer to the definition

218
Q

Sarcasm - Definition

A

A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded. However, not all satire and
irony are sarcastic. It is the bitter, mocking tone that separates sarcasm from mere verbal irony or satire.

219
Q

Sarcasm - Example

A

I gave up my life for something this grand?

220
Q

Sarcasm - Effect on text

A

Intended purpose is to construct contradictions between intended meanings.

221
Q

Satire - Definition

A

A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect. It targets
human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions. Good satire usually has three layers: serious
on the surface; humorous when you discover that it is satire instead of reality; and serious when you discern
the underlying point of the author.

222
Q

Satire - Example

A

The first 5 or so seasons of The Simpsons, is was a satire of the “average, middle class American family” pushed towards Americans for the last 10-15 years

223
Q

Satire - Effect on text

A

Its a way to tackle a idea or problems whilst doing so comedically while still getting to the underlying point, thus it tends to draw in an audience that might not typically look for such things.

224
Q

Sentence - Definition

A

This is a sentence.

225
Q

Sentence - Example

A

THIS IS A SENTENCE.

226
Q

Sentence - Effect on text

A

ITS A SENTENCE FOR THE LOVE OF GOD!

227
Q

Appositive - Definition

A

A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its
meaning.

228
Q

Appositive - Example

A

“Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city.”

229
Q

Appositive - Effect on text

A

To provide information

230
Q

Clause - Definition

A

A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent clause
expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate
clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.

231
Q

Clause - Example

A

“Other than baseball, football is my favorite sport.”
In this sentence, the independent
clause is “football is my favorite sport” and the dependent clause is “Other than baseball.”

232
Q

Clause - Effect on text

A

They essentially boil down to telling us what? Just what?

233
Q

Balanced sentence - Definition

A

A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each
other like equal weights on a scale. Both parts are parallel grammatically.

234
Q

Balanced sentence - Example

A

“If a free

society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”

235
Q

Balanced sentence - Effect on text

A

Gives a rhythmic flow to text

236
Q

Compound sentence - Definition

A

Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.

237
Q

Compound sentence - Example

A

The pirate captain lost her treasure map, but she still found the buried treasure.

238
Q

Compound sentence - Effect on text

A

to create complex communications, adding detail and richness to what otherwise would be a less informative simple sentence

239
Q

Complex sentence - Definition

A

Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

240
Q

Complex sentence - Example

A

Because the soup was too cold, I warmed it in the microwave.

241
Q

Complex sentence - Effect on text

A

create texts that are more interesting and paint a more vivid picture in the reader’s head.

242
Q

Cumulative sentence - Definition

A

When the writer begins with an

independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.

243
Q

Cumulative sentence - Example

A

“He doubted whether he could ever
again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet
with perspiration.”

244
Q

Cumulative sentence - Effect on text

A

Essentially, you use words, phrases, and clauses to expand on or refine the main idea of the sentence.

245
Q

Argument - Definition

A

An argument is a piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion. Essentially,
every essay is an argument that begins with the conclusion (the thesis) and then sets up the
premises. An argument (or the thesis to an argument) is also sometimes called a claim, a position,
or a stance.

246
Q

Argument - Example

A

Premise: All Spam is pink
Premise: I am eating Spam
Conclusion: I am eating something that is pink

247
Q

Argument - Effect on text

A

It serves as the focus of a piece of writing, thus its importance may be considered immeasurable in the writing process

248
Q

Premises - Definition

A

Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.

249
Q

Premises - Example

A

Premise: I am eating Spam
Premise: All Spam is pink

250
Q

Premises - Effect on text

A

They are the pillars for an argumentative text to sit on

251
Q

Conclusion - Definition

A

A conclusion is the end result of the argument – the main point being made. In an
argument one expects that the conclusion will be supported with reasons or premises. Moreover,
these premises will be true and will, in fact, lead to the conclusion.

252
Q

Conclusion - Example

A

Conclusion: I am eating something that is pink

253
Q

Conclusion - Effect on text

A

This is the answer to an argument thus it serves as the entire point of a piece of text.

254
Q

Aristotle’s appeals - Definition

A

The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more
valid than someone else’s. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided all means of persuasion
(appeals) into three categories - ethos, pathos, and logos.

255
Q

Aristotle’s appeals - Example

A

No example possible

256
Q

Aristotle’s appeals - Effect on text

A

If Argumentative text is the foundation of a piece of writing than this may be considered its first layer of bricks

257
Q

Ethos (credibility) - Definition

A

being convinced by the credibility of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect. In an appeal to ethos, a writer tries to convince the
audience the he or she someone worth listening to, in other words an authority on the
subject, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.

258
Q

Ethos (credibility) - Example

A

As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results

259
Q

Ethos (credibility) - Effect on text

A

If done correctly than the reader will likely believe the author to be credible.

260
Q

Pathos (emotional) - Definition

A

persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions.

261
Q

Pathos (emotional) - Example

A

Why dose a man need a reason to protect his children.

262
Q

Pathos (emotional) - Effect on text

A

When done right the effect becomes grand in such a way that it may elevate a piece of text above all others, by relying on emotions and manipulating them the effect is powerful.

263
Q

Logos (logical) - Definition

A

persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid
arguments. This is generally considered the strongest form of persuasion.

264
Q

Logos (logical) - Example

A

The probability of winning the lottery is statistically less likely than getting struck by lightning .

265
Q

Logos (logical) - Effect on text

A

Considered to be the strongest form of persuasion, its cold hard facts that may only be swatted away by more facts

266
Q

Concession - Definition

A

Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint. Often used to make one’s own argument stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even if it is presented by the opposition.

267
Q

Concession - Example

A

I can not deny that your intentions are that of pure love and want to help but the methods to do so are unfavorable to one such as myself.

268
Q

Concession - Effect on text

A

Overall it strengthens text

269
Q

Conditional Statement - Definition

A

A conditional statement is an if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a
consequent. “If you studied hard, then you will pass the test.” Conditional statements are often
used as premises in an argument

270
Q

Conditional Statement - Example

A

Premise: If I eat Spam, then I will throw up. (conditional)
Premise: I have eaten Spam.
Conclusion: Ergo, I will throw up.

271
Q

Conditional Statement - Effect on text

A

They help convey arguments

272
Q

Periodic sentence - Definition

A

When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.
The writer begins with subordinate elements and postpones the main clause.

273
Q

Periodic sentence - Example

A

“His confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted
whether he could ever again appear before an audience.”

274
Q

Simple sentence - Definition

A

Contains only one independent clause.

275
Q

Simple sentence - Example

A

This is a simple sentence

276
Q

Declarative sentence - Definition

A

States an idea. It does not give a command or request, nor does it ask a question.

277
Q

Declarative sentence - Example

A

“The ball is round.”

278
Q

Imperative sentence - Definition

A

Issues a command.

279
Q

Imperative sentence - Example

A

“Kick the ball.”

280
Q

Interrogative sentence - Definition

A

Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose).

281
Q

Interrogative sentence - Example

A

“To whom did you kick the ball?”

282
Q

Style - Definition

A

The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. Style may be conscious or unconscious.

283
Q

Style - Example

A

Something as simple as soda over pop would be enough to define a writers style if such things stayed consistant

284
Q

Style - Example

A

Something as simple as soda over pop would be enough to define a writers style if such things stayed consistent

285
Q

Contradiction - Definition

A

A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions

286
Q

Contradiction - Example

A

“Abortion is wrong and abortion is not wrong.” Since a claim and its contradictory cannot both be true, one
of them must be false.

287
Q

Contradiction - Effect on text

A

It stands to make ones argument suffer.

288
Q

Counterexample - Definition

A

A counterexample is an example that runs counter to (opposes) a generalization, thus falsifying it.

289
Q

Counterexample - Example

A

“A red fruit is an apple”

“Mangos are red and a fruit, therefore not an apple”

290
Q

Counterexample - Effect on text

A

Gives credibility to an authors argument by shutting down and oppositions claim

291
Q

Deductive argument - Definition

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the
conclusion. In a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide support for the
conclusion that is so strong that, if the premises are true, it would be impossible for the conclusion
to be false.

292
Q

Deductive argument - Example

A

All men are mortal. Joe is a man. Therefore Joe is mortal.

293
Q

Deductive argument - Effect on text

A

If done correctly, it may turn any claim into something strong enough to stand on its own

294
Q

Fallacy - Definition

A

A fallacy is an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning. Writers do not want to make obvious
fallacies in their reasoning, but they are often used unintentionally, or when the writer thinks they
can get away with faulty logic.

295
Q

Fallacy - Effect on text

A

Makes for a compelling yet false piece of text.

296
Q

Ad hominem - Definition

A

Latin for “against the man”. Personally attacking your opponents instead of their arguments. It is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, feeling rather than intellect.

297
Q

Ad hominem - Example

A

All murderers are criminals, but a thief isn’t a murderer, and so can’t be a criminal.” B: “Well, you’re a thief and a criminal, so there goes your argument.”

298
Q

Ad hominem - Effect on text

A

Allows for a direct attack towards the opposition whilst avoiding the topic altogether

299
Q

Appeal to authority - Definition

A

The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right. This fallacy is often used in advertising.

300
Q

Appeal to authority - Example

A

A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast.

301
Q

Appeal to authority - Effect on text

A

Will compel people but is easy to dissuade

302
Q

Appeal to the bandwagon - Definition

A

The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or used to believe it, or do it

303
Q

Appeal to the bandwagon - Example

A

In the 1800’s there was a widespread belief that bloodletting cured
sickness. All of these people were not just wrong, but horribly wrong, because in fact it made
people sicker.

304
Q

Appeal to the bandwagon - Effect on text

A

the popularity of an idea is no guarantee that it’s right.

305
Q

Appeal to emotion - Definition

A

An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s emotions. Common emotional appeals are an appeal to sympathy, an appeal to revenge, an appeal to patriotism – basically any emotion can be used as an appeal.

306
Q

Appeal to emotion - Example

A

Lots of presidential speeches fit the bill.

307
Q

Appeal to emotion - Effect on text

A

Strengthens a piece of text by connect with the readers emotions which can have a strong influence on decision making.

308
Q

Bad analogy - Definition

A

Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t.

309
Q

Bad analogy - Example

A

“We have pure
food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can’t we have laws to keep
musicians from giving us filth for the mind?”

310
Q

Bad analogy - Effect on text

A

Weakens an argument given how easy it is to see its fault’s

311
Q

Cliché thinking - Definition

A

Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no exceptions.

312
Q

Cliché thinking - Example

A

‘America: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”

313
Q

Cliché thinking - Effect on text

A

Will allow the author to garner a small audience but not enough to be actually considered valuable

314
Q

False cause - Definition

A

Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.

315
Q

False cause - Example

A

“Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons. Therefore women’s suffrage must have led to nuclear weapons.”

316
Q

False cause - Effect on text

A

Could be weak or strong depending how its used, as we’ve seen in recent years these kinds of arguments are growing more and more effective than they should be.

317
Q

Hasty generalization - Definition

A

A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data.

318
Q

Hasty generalization - Example

A

“My uncle didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as
well as those who do.”

319
Q

Hasty generalization - Effect on text

A

Makes for a compelling statement but falls short of what it needs to do and thus drags down the text.

320
Q

Non Sequitur - Definition

A

A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.

321
Q

Non Sequitur - Example

A

“Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest
religions. Hinduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the
principles of Hinduism must be true.”

322
Q

Non Sequitur - Effect on text

A

Prevents the text from being both appealing to most and shows incompetency upon the author.

323
Q

Slippery slope - Definition

A

The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme possible outcome.

324
Q

Slippery slope - Example

A

“If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”

325
Q

Slippery slope - Effect on text

A

While it is possible that what is being told could happen, it is unlikely to actually occur but that doesn’t devalue its effect on the audience making it almost a safe bet if done correctly.

326
Q

Inductive argument - Definition

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion. In an inductive argument, the premises are intended only to be so strong that, if
they are true, then it is unlikely that the conclusion is false.

327
Q

Inductive argument - Example

A

The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies.

328
Q

Inductive argument - Effect on text

A

Makes for a reasonable argument for without any other facts, the statement is likely to be true

329
Q

Sound argument - Definition

A

A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.

330
Q

Sound argument - Example

A

In some states, no felons are eligible voters, that is, eligible to vote. In those states, some professional athletes are felons. Therefore, in some states, some professional athletes are not eligible voters.

331
Q

Sound argument - Effect on text

A

A sound argument is irrefutable and if attempted to debunk with out heavy conflicting information than one comes of as foolish for trying to fight it.

332
Q

Unstated premises - Definition

A

Not every argument is fully expressed. Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left
unexpressed. If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated
that Rover is a dog. Here the unstated premise is no problem; indeed it would probably be obvious
in context. But sometimes unstated premises are problematic, particularly if two parties in a
discussion are making differing assumptions.

333
Q

Unstated premises - Example

A

If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated that Rover is a dog.

334
Q

Unstated premises - Effect on text

A

Can cause confusion if not extremely obvious what the information that was left out was

335
Q

Valid argument - Definition

A

An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

336
Q

Valid argument - Example

A

All flightless birds are man-eaters.
Premise: The penguin is a flightless bird.
Conclusion: therefore, the penguin is a man-eater.

337
Q

Valid argument - Effect on text

A

While not sound a valid argument is still able to hold up if no obvious flaws are added in.

338
Q

Symbol - Definition

A

Anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete
such as an object, actions, character…that represents something more abstract.

339
Q

Symbol - Example

A

the Whale in Moby Dick, the river and the jungle in Heart of Darkness, and the Raven in “The
Raven.

340
Q

Symbol - Effect on text

A

Gives meaning to items or objects that normally wouldn’t

341
Q

Syntax/sentence variety - Definition

A

Grammatical arrangement of words. This is perhaps one of the most difficult concepts to master. First, a reader should examine the length of sentences (short or long). How does sentence length and structure relate to tone and meaning. Are they simple, compound, compound-complex sentences? How do they relate to one another?

342
Q

Syntax/sentence variety - Example

A

Incompatible with word

343
Q

Syntax/sentence variety - Effect on text

A

Determines many aspects for how a piece of text is written

344
Q

Theme - Definition

A

The central idea or message of a work. The theme may be directly stated in nonfiction works,
although not necessarily. It is rarely stated directly in fiction.

345
Q

Theme - Example

A

Compassion.
Courage.
Death and dying.

346
Q

Theme - Effect on text

A

Determines the over arching focus of the text

347
Q

Thesis - Definition

A

The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning,
or proposition. It should be short and clear.

348
Q

Thesis - Example

A

Because many children are unable to vaccinate due to illness, we must require that all healthy and able children be vaccinated in order to have herd immunity.

349
Q

Thesis - Effect on text

A

Directly states the authors purpose

350
Q

Tone - Definition

A

A writer’s attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and
organization. To identify tone, consider how the piece would sound if read aloud

351
Q

Tone - Example

A

Tone can be: playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, somber, etc.

352
Q

Tone - Effect on text

A

It is truly a key part of the text, you loose a lot without it like ambiance.

353
Q

Understatement - Definition

A

The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous.

354
Q

Understatement - Example

A

“Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter.”

355
Q

Understatement - Effect on text

A

Adds comedic effect t a rather…troubling moment

356
Q

Litotes - Definition

A

a particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement
which otherwise would be used. Depending on the tone and context of the usage, litotes either
retains the effect of understatement

357
Q

Litotes - Example

A

(Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn’t do your car any good)

358
Q

Litotes - Effect on text

A

Adds comedic effect t a rather…troubling moment

AP English (1 decks)

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