AP - Final Flashcards
How and why stuff moves is called?
Gradients: assuming free movement of materials (or electricity) materials will move from high to low
What is Diffusion?
Stuff moving down its gradient (free movement must be possible)
What is Osmosis?
Diffusion of water molecules from where they are more concentrated to less concentrated (down their gradient)
What are two gradients of concern?
Water balance (via osmosis) between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid Water balance (via osmosis) between interstitial fluid and plasma
What drives water movement in and out of a cell?
The concentration of particles inside the cell compared to the concentration of particles in the extra cellular fluid outside the cell drives water movement
What happens if the concentrations in/out of cell are equal?
Water is in equilibrium and essentially it doesn’t flow in either direction
What happens if there are more particles outside of cell?
water flows out
What happens if there are less particles inside of cell?
Water flows in
What is the pH of blood?
7.4 is normal (slightly alkaline)
What do Osteocytes do?
Pump soluble Ca into blood
What do Osteoclasts do?
Produces acid to break down hydroxy apatite into soluble ions
What do Osteoblasts do?
Produce Hydroxy apatite (to build bone)
What does an Osteoprogenitor do?
Under goes mitosis and becomes a osteoblast
Actin, tropinin and tropomyosin are all what type of filament?
Thin
Myosin is what type of filament?
Thick
Thin and thick filaments are composed of proteins. What helps hold thin and thick filaments in place?
Elastic filaments
All of these myofilaments interact with one another to produce a?
Muscle contraction
What are two potential limits on muscle contraction?
Availability of calcium and availability of ATP
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate
FOG stands for what muscle fiber type?
Fast oxidative glycolytic: Type IIA or intermediate fibers, contains characteristics of both SO and FG, most trainable type of muscle
What is ATP production?
Adding a free inorganic phosphate group (P) to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
What do we do with the extra (P) in the ADP?
We “use” the ATP, breaking the phosphate off and using the energy released from the chemical bond.
What happens in Anaerobic?
Only glucose, for every 1 glucose=2 ATP, by product of acid is H, limited (only uses carbs, H inhibits process), process of glycolysis, only in cytoplasm, fast.
What happens in Aerobic?
1 glucose= 36 ATP, by product is C02, involve mitochondria, glucose or lipids, slower, limitless, uses oxygen in mitochondria, C6H12O6
What is Hypertrophy?
Lots of fibers (bodybuilding, endurance exercise)
What is Atrophy?
Few fibers (wasting from disease, hypogravity)
When we are aerobic training what happens in our body?
More and larger mitochondria, increased capillarization and more myoglobin with the cell
Lower intensity exercise uses what for fuel?
mostly uses fat as fuel (for ATP production)
High intensity exercises uses what for fuel?
mostly use carbohydrates as fuel
What is a motor unit
one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates (the group of muscle fibers that contract when stimulated by a single neuron)
What kind of muscle fiber types are slow?
slow=oxidative, type I or red muscle, contain large amounts of myoglobin, mitochondria, and capillaries, contain materials to primarily metabolize energy aerobically
What kind of muscle fiber types are fast?
Fast=glycolytic, Type II or white muscle, largest fibers, contain little myoglobin, less mitochondria and fewer capillaries than SO, more glycogen, enzymes to primarily go through glycolysis, powerful contractions but limited endurance
Entire muscle is surrounded by connective tissue called?
Epimysium
A muscle is composed of fascicles, surrounded by connective tissue called?
Perimysium
Fascicles are composed of muscle cells/fibers, surrounded by?
Endomysium
Plasma membrane =
Sarcolemma
Cytoplasm =
Sarcoplasm
What is the sliding filament theory?
Muscle contraction - shortening of the sarcomere as thin filament slides over the thick filament
Filaments
Slide
Sarcomeres
Shorten
Myofibrils
Shorten
Muscle cell shortens
pulls on endomysium
Fascicles shorten
Pulls on perimysium
Whole muscle shortens
Pulls on epimysium
Pulls on tendon
Tendon is attached to bone, causing bone to move around its join axis = movement
What happens during the resting state of Muscle Contraction?
Tropomyosin hides active sites on actin; myosin in high energy, elongated state
