AP - Final

Question 1

How and why stuff moves is called?

Answer 1

Gradients: assuming free movement of materials (or electricity) materials will move from high to low

Question 2

What is Diffusion?

Answer 2

Stuff moving down its gradient (free movement must be possible)

Question 3

What is Osmosis?

Answer 3

Diffusion of water molecules from where they are more concentrated to less concentrated (down their gradient)

Question 4

What are two gradients of concern?

Answer 4

Water balance (via osmosis) between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
Water balance (via osmosis) between interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 5

What drives water movement in and out of a cell?

Answer 5

The concentration of particles inside the cell compared to the concentration of particles in the extra cellular fluid outside the cell drives water movement

Question 6

What happens if the concentrations in/out of cell are equal?

Answer 6

Water is in equilibrium and essentially it doesn’t flow in either direction

Question 7

What happens if there are more particles outside of cell?

Answer 7

water flows out

Question 8

What happens if there are less particles inside of cell?

Answer 8

Water flows in

Question 9

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 9

7.4 is normal (slightly alkaline)

Question 10

What do Osteocytes do?

Answer 10

Pump soluble Ca into blood

Question 11

What do Osteoclasts do?

Answer 11

Produces acid to break down hydroxy apatite into soluble ions

Question 12

What do Osteoblasts do?

Answer 12

Produce Hydroxy apatite (to build bone)

Question 13

What does an Osteoprogenitor do?

Answer 13

Under goes mitosis and becomes a osteoblast

Question 14

Actin, tropinin and tropomyosin are all what type of filament?

Answer 14

Thin

Question 15

Myosin is what type of filament?

Answer 15

Thick

Question 16

Thin and thick filaments are composed of proteins. What helps hold thin and thick filaments in place?

Answer 16

Elastic filaments

Question 17

All of these myofilaments interact with one another to produce a?

Answer 17

Muscle contraction

Question 18

What are two potential limits on muscle contraction?

Answer 18

Availability of calcium and availability of ATP

Question 19

What is ATP?

Answer 19

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 20

FOG stands for what muscle fiber type?

Answer 20

Fast oxidative glycolytic: Type IIA or intermediate fibers, contains characteristics of both SO and FG, most trainable type of muscle

Question 21

What is ATP production?

Answer 21

Adding a free inorganic phosphate group (P) to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Question 22

What do we do with the extra (P) in the ADP?

Answer 22

We “use” the ATP, breaking the phosphate off and using the energy released from the chemical bond.

Question 23

What happens in Anaerobic?

Answer 23

Only glucose, for every 1 glucose=2 ATP, by product of acid is H, limited (only uses carbs, H inhibits process), process of glycolysis, only in cytoplasm, fast.

Question 24

What happens in Aerobic?

Answer 24

1 glucose= 36 ATP, by product is C02, involve mitochondria, glucose or lipids, slower, limitless, uses oxygen in mitochondria, C6H12O6

Question 25

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 25

Lots of fibers (bodybuilding, endurance exercise)

Question 26

What is Atrophy?

Answer 26

Few fibers (wasting from disease, hypogravity)

Question 27

When we are aerobic training what happens in our body?

Answer 27

More and larger mitochondria, increased capillarization and more myoglobin with the cell

Question 28

Lower intensity exercise uses what for fuel?

Answer 28

mostly uses fat as fuel (for ATP production)

Question 29

High intensity exercises uses what for fuel?

Answer 29

mostly use carbohydrates as fuel

Question 30

What is a motor unit

Answer 30

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates (the group of muscle fibers that contract when stimulated by a single neuron)

Question 31

What kind of muscle fiber types are slow?

Answer 31

slow=oxidative, type I or red muscle, contain large amounts of myoglobin, mitochondria, and capillaries, contain materials to primarily metabolize energy aerobically

Question 32

What kind of muscle fiber types are fast?

Answer 32

Fast=glycolytic, Type II or white muscle, largest fibers, contain little myoglobin, less mitochondria and fewer capillaries than SO, more glycogen, enzymes to primarily go through glycolysis, powerful contractions but limited endurance

Question 33

Entire muscle is surrounded by connective tissue called?

Answer 33

Epimysium

Question 34

A muscle is composed of fascicles, surrounded by connective tissue called?

Answer 34

Perimysium

Question 35

Fascicles are composed of muscle cells/fibers, surrounded by?

Answer 35

Endomysium

Question 36

Plasma membrane =

Answer 36

Sarcolemma

Question 37

Cytoplasm =

Answer 37

Sarcoplasm

Question 38

What is the sliding filament theory?

Answer 38

Muscle contraction - shortening of the sarcomere as thin filament slides over the thick filament

Question 39

Filaments

Answer 39

Slide

Question 40

Sarcomeres

Answer 40

Shorten

Question 41

Myofibrils

Answer 41

Shorten

Question 42

Muscle cell shortens

Answer 42

pulls on endomysium

Question 43

Fascicles shorten

Answer 43

Pulls on perimysium

Question 44

Whole muscle shortens

Answer 44

Pulls on epimysium

Question 45

Pulls on tendon

Answer 45

Tendon is attached to bone, causing bone to move around its join axis = movement

Question 46

What happens during the resting state of Muscle Contraction?

Answer 46

Tropomyosin hides active sites on actin; myosin in high energy, elongated state