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Final - Anatomy and Physiology > AP - Final > Flashcards

AP - Final Flashcards

1
Q

How and why stuff moves is called?

A

Gradients: assuming free movement of materials (or electricity) materials will move from high to low

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2
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Stuff moving down its gradient (free movement must be possible)

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3
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water molecules from where they are more concentrated to less concentrated (down their gradient)

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4
Q

What are two gradients of concern?

A 
Water balance (via osmosis) between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
Water balance (via osmosis) between interstitial fluid and plasma
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5
Q

What drives water movement in and out of a cell?

A

The concentration of particles inside the cell compared to the concentration of particles in the extra cellular fluid outside the cell drives water movement

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6
Q

What happens if the concentrations in/out of cell are equal?

A

Water is in equilibrium and essentially it doesn’t flow in either direction

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7
Q

What happens if there are more particles outside of cell?

A

water flows out

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8
Q

What happens if there are less particles inside of cell?

A

Water flows in

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9
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4 is normal (slightly alkaline)

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10
Q

What do Osteocytes do?

A

Pump soluble Ca into blood

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11
Q

What do Osteoclasts do?

A

Produces acid to break down hydroxy apatite into soluble ions

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12
Q

What do Osteoblasts do?

A

Produce Hydroxy apatite (to build bone)

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13
Q

What does an Osteoprogenitor do?

A

Under goes mitosis and becomes a osteoblast

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14
Q

Actin, tropinin and tropomyosin are all what type of filament?

A

Thin

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15
Q

Myosin is what type of filament?

A

Thick

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16
Q

Thin and thick filaments are composed of proteins. What helps hold thin and thick filaments in place?

A

Elastic filaments

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17
Q

All of these myofilaments interact with one another to produce a?

A

Muscle contraction

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18
Q

What are two potential limits on muscle contraction?

A

Availability of calcium and availability of ATP

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19
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

20
Q

FOG stands for what muscle fiber type?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic: Type IIA or intermediate fibers, contains characteristics of both SO and FG, most trainable type of muscle

21
Q

What is ATP production?

A

Adding a free inorganic phosphate group (P) to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

22
Q

What do we do with the extra (P) in the ADP?

A

We “use” the ATP, breaking the phosphate off and using the energy released from the chemical bond.

23
Q

What happens in Anaerobic?

A

Only glucose, for every 1 glucose=2 ATP, by product of acid is H, limited (only uses carbs, H inhibits process), process of glycolysis, only in cytoplasm, fast.

24
Q

What happens in Aerobic?

A

1 glucose= 36 ATP, by product is C02, involve mitochondria, glucose or lipids, slower, limitless, uses oxygen in mitochondria, C6H12O6

25
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A

Lots of fibers (bodybuilding, endurance exercise)

26
Q

What is Atrophy?

A

Few fibers (wasting from disease, hypogravity)

27
Q

When we are aerobic training what happens in our body?

A

More and larger mitochondria, increased capillarization and more myoglobin with the cell

28
Q

Lower intensity exercise uses what for fuel?

A

mostly uses fat as fuel (for ATP production)

29
Q

High intensity exercises uses what for fuel?

A

mostly use carbohydrates as fuel

30
Q

What is a motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates (the group of muscle fibers that contract when stimulated by a single neuron)

31
Q

What kind of muscle fiber types are slow?

A

slow=oxidative, type I or red muscle, contain large amounts of myoglobin, mitochondria, and capillaries, contain materials to primarily metabolize energy aerobically

32
Q

What kind of muscle fiber types are fast?

A

Fast=glycolytic, Type II or white muscle, largest fibers, contain little myoglobin, less mitochondria and fewer capillaries than SO, more glycogen, enzymes to primarily go through glycolysis, powerful contractions but limited endurance

33
Q

Entire muscle is surrounded by connective tissue called?

A

Epimysium

34
Q

A muscle is composed of fascicles, surrounded by connective tissue called?

A

Perimysium

35
Q

Fascicles are composed of muscle cells/fibers, surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

36
Q

Plasma membrane =

A

Sarcolemma

37
Q

Cytoplasm =

A

Sarcoplasm

38
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Muscle contraction - shortening of the sarcomere as thin filament slides over the thick filament

39
Q

Filaments

A

Slide

40
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Shorten

41
Q

Myofibrils

A

Shorten

42
Q

Muscle cell shortens

A

pulls on endomysium

43
Q

Fascicles shorten

A

Pulls on perimysium

44
Q

Whole muscle shortens

A

Pulls on epimysium

45
Q

Pulls on tendon

A

Tendon is attached to bone, causing bone to move around its join axis = movement

46
Q

What happens during the resting state of Muscle Contraction?

A

Tropomyosin hides active sites on actin; myosin in high energy, elongated state

Final - Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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