AP Exam Review Q4 Flashcards
What does the term ‘Renaissance’ mean?
Rebirth
The Renaissance was a period of cultural change starting in Italy from the 14th to 16th centuries.
Who were the thinkers, artists, and writers of the Renaissance known as?
Humanists
Humanists focused on human potential and achievement, inspired by ancient Greek and Roman ideas.
Name three prominent artists of the Renaissance.
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Michelangelo
- Raphael
Which writers explored individual lives and community progress during the Renaissance?
- Giovanni Boccaccio
- Niccolò Machiavelli
What characterized the Northern Renaissance?
Unique artistic and literary styles
Artists like Albrecht Dürer and Jan van Eyck created detailed religious paintings.
What were the main factors leading to the Age of Exploration?
- Renaissance Influence
- Mercantilism
- Religion
What is mercantilism?
The belief that a nation’s power depended on its wealth
This included gold, resources, and colonies.
Which countries led early explorations during the Age of Exploration?
- Portugal
- Spain
What is colonialism?
The establishment of colonies by European nations to control resources and people in other parts of the world.
What was the Reformation?
A religious movement that challenged the Catholic Church.
Who was Martin Luther?
A German priest who criticized the Catholic Church and started Lutheranism. And started Protestantism or Protestant reformation
What were the other reform movements that emerged during the Reformation?
- Calvinism
- The Church of England
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation with reforms of its own.
What were the major outcomes of the Scientific Revolution?
Emphasis on reason, logic, and experiments leading to major discoveries in science.
What did Enlightenment philosophers advocate for?
Human rights and government reform, criticizing absolute monarchs.
What triggered the American Revolution?
The revolt of the American colonies against British rule.
What inspired the French Revolution?
Enlightenment ideas. And they overthrew their monarchy which led to the rise of Napoleon.
What was the result of Napoleon’s rise to power?
He brought order to France and conquered much of Europe.
What characterized the 19th century in Western societies?
Massive changes driven by technological advancements.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
A period starting in Britain with improvements in agriculture and the textile industry.
Name key inventions of the Industrial Revolution.
- Steam engine
- Steam locomotive
- Factory system
What did the Technological Revolution build upon?
The Industrial Revolution.
What were the social consequences of urbanization during the 19th century?
Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in cities.
What new social classes emerged during the 19th century?
- Capitalists
- Workers
- Growing middle class
What social problems became widespread in cities during the 19th century?
- Poverty
- Pollution
- Disease
What was the American Civil War about?
Disagreements over slavery between the Union and the Confederacy.
What philosophies emphasized practical results during the 19th century?
- Utilitarianism
- Pragmatism
What is Marxism?
Karl Marx’s critique of capitalism that influenced socialist movements.
What significant political changes occurred in Europe during the 19th century?
- Unification of Germany and Italy
- Crimean War
What new energy source became prominent during the Technological Revolution?
Petroleum or Electricity
The unification of which two European nations occurred in the 19th century?
Germany and Italy
The factory system led to the emergence of which new social class?
Working Class or Industrial Workers
A major consequence of the Industrial Revolution was?
Rural Depopulation and Increased Urbanization
The Congress of Vienna aimed to?
Reorganize Europe after Napoleon’s Defeat
The Scientific Revolution emphasized?
Reason and Observation
Which Philosopher is associated with “ Social Contract “ ?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What did the Reformation lead to
Reformation led to religious wars, one example is The Thirty Years War
Suffrage means?
The right to vote
What is Capitalism
A driving force in economic expansion and global trade.
What countries were involved in the Crimean War
Russia, The Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia.
