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AP Exam Review Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are two ways to increase power?

A
  1. Increase sample size

2. Increase significance level (alpha)

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2
Q

To get the largest power, look for the distribution with the _______p-value

A

Smallest

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3
Q

What is power?

A

The probability of rejecting a false Ho

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4
Q

When the p-value is low…

A

…reject the Ho.

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5
Q

What 4 graphs can display univariate numerical data?

A

Dot plot
Histogram
Stem plot
Box plot

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6
Q

r

A

Correlation coefficient

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7
Q

Interpret r

A

There is a strong/weak, pos/neg, linear association between _____ and ______.

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8
Q

R squared

A

Coefficient of determination

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9
Q

Interpret R squared

A

___% of the variation in y can be explained by x

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10
Q

Three characteristics of a binomial

A
  1. 2 outcomes
  2. Constant probability
  3. Fixed number of trials
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11
Q

What is InvNorm for?

A

To find the z score if you know the probability (use the area to the left)

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12
Q

How do you use normalcdf?

A

Put in the lowest z score and the highest z score

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13
Q

What is the formula for outliers?

A

Q3+1.5IQR

Q1-1.5IQR

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14
Q

What kind of tests can you use with numerical data/means?

A

One sample t test
Two sample t test
Matches pairs t test

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15
Q

What type of tests can you use with categorical data/proportions?

A

One proportion z test
Two proportion z test
Chi square test

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16
Q

What are 2 measures of center?

A

Mean

Median

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17
Q

What are 2 measures of spread?

A

Range
IQR
Standard deviation

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18
Q

What is a Type I error?

A

Ho is true, but we think Ha is true.

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19
Q

What is a Type II error?

A

Ha is true but we think Ho is true.

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20
Q

What is the difference between a binomial and a geometric distribution?

A 
Geometric = count the number of trials until you get a success
Binomial = count the number of successes in a fixed number of trials
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21
Q

What are the 3 principles you should incorporate when you design an experiment?

A 
Control = Treat all subjects the same except for the treatment
Randomization = Assign subjects to treatment groups randomly
Replication = Assign multiple subjects to each treatment group
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22
Q

What are three types of experiments?

Study These Flashcards
A

Completely Randomized Design
Randomized Block Design
Matched Pairs

23
Q

What is another name for subjects?

Study These Flashcards
A

Experimental units

24
Q

The x variable or independent variable is called…

Study These Flashcards
A

Explantory Variable

25
The y variable or dependent variable is called...
Response Variable
26
What are 4 ways to randomly sample people?
Simple Random Sample Cluster Stratified Systematic
27
What is a block?
A group of subjects that are similar in some way (gender, age, etc). The subjects in each block are split apart and randomly assigned to each treatment group.
28
What is the difference between stratified and cluster sampling?
Stratified = groups are made so they are similar based on a characteristic (age, race, etc.). Then survey some from EVERY group. Cluster = Groups are usually naturally occurring and are mixed. Survey a few of the groups, not all of them.
29
What is systematic sampling?
Start with the ___th person. Sample every ___th person.
30
What is Ms. Fortune's favorite Starbucks drink?
Java Chip Frappachino :)
31
What are 4 types of bias?
Response Bias Non Response Bias Voluntary Bias Undercoverage
32
A badly worded question or an embarrassing survey topic might result in _______ bias.
Response
33
A survey conducted by a police officer, teacher, or other authority figure might result in _____ bias.
Response
34
A survey in which people choose to participate might result in _________ bias. To avoid this type of bias, the researcher should randomly choose people to participate.
Voluntary
35
A survey conducted during homeroom or first period might miss the opinions of students who are chronically late to school. This is an example of ________________.
Undercoverage
36
What happens to the standard deviation of a sampling distribution as n increases?
Decreases
37
For the LSRL given, interpret the slope: | Predicted Exam Grade = 50 + 15 hrs studied
For every increase in 1 hour studied, on average your exam grades increases by 15 points.
38
For the LSRL given, interpret the y-intercept: | Predicted Exam Grade = 50 + 15 hrs studied
When you study 0 hours, your predicted exam grade is 50.
39
If a linear model is appropriate for a scatterplot, the residual plot shows ________________
no pattern
40
How do you calculate a residual?
e = actual y - predicted y
41
What is a residual?
The distance between a point on the scatterplot and the Least Squares Regression Line.
42
What is extrapolation?
Using a LSRL to make a prediction for an x value outside the range of your data. Extrapolation is not a good idea because the pattern may not continue.
43
What is an influential point?
A point whose removal significantly changes the LSRL.
44
True or False: If you add a constant to every piece of data in your data set, measures of spread do NOT change.
True
45
True or False: If you multiply every piece of data in your data set by n, measures of spread are also changed by a factor of n.
True
46
Name two statistics that are resistant to outliers and skew.
Median | IQR
47
Name three statistics that are non-resistant.
Mean Standard Deviation Range
48
What kind of distribution has a mean and a median that are approximately equal?
A distribution that is symmetrical
49
What are the 3 conditions for a one sample z test?
``` Random Independence (n 10) ```
50
What are the 3 conditions for a one sample t test?
Random Independence (n30 OR 2. Original pop is normal OR 3. Graph of sample is approx normal
51
What are the 3 conditions for a Chi Square test?
1. Random 2. Categorical data 3. Expected values >5
52
What are the 4 conditions for a Linear Regression t test?
1. Random 2. Linear Model is appropriate because the scatterplot shows a linear trend. 3. The y-values are approx normal because a graph of the residuals is approx normal. 4. Sigma of y is approx the same for all x values since the points are evenly spaced around the regression line.
53
As you increase the confidence level, what happens to the confidence interval?
It gets wider.
54
How do you calculate degrees of freedom for... 1. t-test 2. Chi Square GOF 3. Chi Square 4. LinReg t test
t test = n-1 Chi Square GOF= categories -1 Chi Square = (rows -1)(columns - 1) LinReg t test = n-2

AP Statistics (1 decks)

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