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AP bio > AP Exam Review > Flashcards

AP Exam Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atomic number

A

Protons + electrons

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2
Q

Atomic mass

A

Protons + neutrons (make up the nucleus)

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3
Q

Ionic bonds

A

1 or more electron is transferred from 1 atom to another

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4
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Atoms share 1 pair of valence electrons

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5
Q

Changes in # of different particles

A

Change in electron # -> same element, different charge / bonding behavior
Change in proton # -> different element
Change in neutron # -> isotope

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6
Q

Electron movement from 1 shell to another

A

Electron moves closer to nucleus -> energy is released
Electron moves away from nucleus -> energy is stored

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7
Q

Compound

A

Substance with 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio (ie, table salt = Na:Cl 1:1)

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8
Q

Element

A

Substance that can’t be broken down into other substances through chemical reactions

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9
Q

Monosaccharide functions

A
  • Available source of energy
  • Transport sugar in animals because -OH groups are polar and dissolve easily in blood
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10
Q

Disaccharide functions

A
  • Bonded through dehydration synthesis
  • Transport sugar in plants because many -OH groups with electronegative oxygens make them dissolve in water
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11
Q

Polysaccharide examples + functions (animals)

A

Glycogen - stores glucose/sugar for later use

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12
Q

Polysaccharide examples + functions (plants / non-animals)

A

Amylose (plants) - stores polysaccharides in plants
Cellulose (plants) - structural, made of beta-glucose so can’t be broken down
Chitin (arthropods/fungi) - structural, same as cellulose but different organisms

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13
Q

Triglycerides

A

Long-term storage of energy due to CH bonds
Made of glycerol (3-carbon alcohol) at 1 end and 3 fatty acid, long carbon chains attached to it (can be saturated or unsaturated)

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14
Q

Terpenes

A
  • Pigments like chlorophyll
  • Nonpolar/hydrophobic tail anchors in the membrane
  • Long chain of carbons w/ methyl groups
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15
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • Messengers
  • Stimulate smooth muscle and vasodilation
  • Uterine contraction
  • Soluble in cell membrane
  • Ring w/ 2 long carbon chains
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16
Q

Steroids

A

Made of rings (hexagons/pentagons) - includes reproductive hormones and cholesterol, which makes cell membranes flexible

17
Q

Bonds between amino acids

A

2 amino acids can bind through dehydration synthesis
- Covalent bond forms between carbon of carboxyl group & nitrogen of amino group
- They bond front of first + rear of second

18
Q

Protein folding

A

1) Sequence of amino acids depends on DNA sequence
2) Folding due to H-bond interactions (alpha helix / beta pleated sheet)
3) Tertiary - occurs when protein encounters water (hydrophobic on the inside, hydrophilic on the inside)
4) Different proteins may bind together

19
Q

Blood pH regulation

A
20
Q

Specific properties of water

A

1) High specific heat
2) Universal solvent
3) Polar molecule
4) Cohesion and adhesion (capillary action / surface tension)

21
Q

Isotope

A

Different version of an element
Same: element, # of electrons, # of protons, atomic number, atomic properties
Different: atomic mass, # of neutrons

22
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with the same number of the same atoms, but arranged differently (ie, C6H12O6 can form glucose or sucrose)

23
Q

Na+/K+ pump steps

A

1) There is lots of Na+ (sodium) outside the cell and lots of K+ (potassium) inside the cell (resting state)
2) 3 Na+ ions from the cytoplasm bind to the sodium-potassium pump
3) The pump is phosphorylated, leading to a conformational change in which it loses affinity for the Na+ currently bound
4) The 3 Na+ ions (that were just bound) are released outside (against concentration gradient)
5) The new shape has a high affinity for K+
6) 2 K+ bind from the outside of the cell, causing the phosphate group to detach
7) The protein undergoes another conformational change in which it has a low affinity for K+
8) The K+ currently in the pump are then released, going into the inside of the cell (against concentration gradient)
9) Affinity for Na+ is high again -> cycle repeats

24
Q

6 types of membrane proteins

A

1) Cell identity markers - glycoproteins, glycolipids, establish self v. other
2) Cell-cell adhesion proteins - help 2+ cells adhere to each other and pack tightly (ie, epithelial tissue)
3) Enzymes - catalyze reactions happening in the membrane
4) Gates - selectively allows molecules to enter
5) Receptors - receives to a hormone/ neurotransmitter
6) Proteins that attach to cytoskeleton - gives cell structure ie, actin and microtubules

25
Q

4 kinds of signaling

A

1) Paracrine - cells communicate locally through the intercellular / interstitial fluid; involves mast cells which spread the message
2) Contact-dependent - cell membranes must be touching to communicate
3) Neuronal - occurs between neurons & target cells, similar to paracrine but no mast cell
4) Endocrine - long-distance, hormones travel in the bloodstream

26
Q

Cytolysis

A

Plant cell bursts

27
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Plant cell shrinks

28
Q

Exergonic reactions

A
  • Energy leaves
  • Negative Gibbs free energy (-ΔG)
  • Energetically favorable
  • Spontaneous - the reaction can proceed on its own, but would take so long that enzymes are needed
  • Products have less free energy than reactants
29
Q

Energy coupling

A

Energy produced by exergonic reactions drive endergonic ones (ie, ATP drives photosynthesis)

30
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy required to strain reactant molecules so that bonds break and reaction can occur (needed to start both exergonic and endergonic reactions)

31
Q

Cofactor/coenzyme

A

Cofactor: Any nonprotein molecule that an enzyme needs in order to function permanently (ie, zinc)
Coenzyme: A cofactor that is an organic molecule (ie, vitamins)

32
Q

Endergonic reactions

A
  • Energy is stored as molecules become more complex / ordered
  • Enthalpy increases
  • Positive Gibbs free energy (+ΔG)
  • Products have more free energy than reactants

AP bio (8 decks)

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