AP Exam Review Flashcards
Data abstraction
Filtering out specific details to focus on the information needed to process the data
Decimal
Number represented with base 10 digits examples ate 1.5, 12.50 etc
Base conversion
taking a number written in one base and rewriting it in another like binary to decimal
Precision
The number of significant figures or meaningful decimal places in measurements or calculations
Trends
General direction in which something is developing or changing over time
Binary
Numbers represented with base 2 digits (0 or 1)
Hexidecimal
Numbers represented with base 16 digits
Integer Overflow
The attempting to store a number that is too big for the data type
Integer roundoff
impression caused by limits of size of data types
Metadata
Data about data
Paterns
Recognizable forms in sets of data
Cleaning data
Making data uniform without changing its meaning
Scalabiliy
The capacity for a system to change in size and scale to meet new demands
Bias
the intentional or unintentional skewing of data to favor a particular results
Data compression
A reduction in the size of data transmitted or stored
Lossy Compression
A significant reduction in the number of bits stored or transmitted that only allows for an approximation of the original data
Lossless Compression
A reduction in the number of bits stored and transmitted that allows for the restoration of the original data.
Variables
An abstraction inside a program that can hold a value
Iteration
The process in which a part of an algorithm repeats until it meets a condition or for a fixed number of times, either of which is selected by the programmer or user
Boolean Expression
True or False.
List
A data type that holds a collection of values
Strings
A collection of alphanumeric characters
Abstraction
A way of hiding complexity
Application Program Interface (API)
Specifications for using a library’s procedures and understanding how they behave
Simulation Models
Collections of computer software that respond to real time input data to emulate a response that would resemble the real world
Algorithm Efficiency
How an algorithm performs with regards to both time and space
Assignment
The storing of a value to a variable
A=5
Sequencing
The outlining of each step of an algorithm in a specific order to solve a problem
Loops
Selections of code statements that need to be repeated more than once
Data Types
A specified kind of information that is stored in a variable
Procedures
A named group of programming code that performs a specific task
Pseudocode
A way of describing an algorithm that is not the specific code of any language
Procedural Abstraction
the calling of a function with only concern for the end result rather than how the code functions
Random Number Generator
A program that picks a number at random from a range of values
Algorithm
A clear, step-by-step, detailed computable set of instructions that returns a result in a finite amount of time
Undecidable Problem
A problem that cannot be solved using an algorithm
Heuristic
An algorithm that finds an approximate solution rather than an exact solution
Libraries
A collection of precompiled procedures that can be used by other programs
Binary Search
A method of seeking an item in an ordered list through an integrated process of comparing the target to the middle item in the list
Protocol
An agreed upon set of rules that specify the behavior of a system
World Wide Web
A system of linked pages, programs, and files
Internet Protocol
Any protocol governing the internet or other network
Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data that can be sent over a particular computer network in a fixed amount of time
Redundancy
Additional paths in a network to create fault tolerance
Distributed Computing
A model in which multiple devices run a program
Route
A sequence of directly connected computing devices between 2 computing devices on a computer network
HTTP
A protocol used to interpret a webpage
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP)
A internet protocol in which packets are repeatedly sent until receipt is confirmed
Routing
The process of finding a path from sending to receiver
Fault Tolerance
The ability of a network to find a different path between a sender and a receiver
Parallel Computing
Breaking a program into smaller sequential operations using multiple processors
Sequential Computing
A process in which programming instructions are processed one at a time
Computing Innovations
A new method, product, or idea that requires a computer
Digital Divide
The disparity between those who have access to technology and those who do not
Artificial Intelligence
The development of a computing system capable of performing tasks that would otherwise rely on human intelligence
Machine Learning
The ability of a computing system to train on data fed into software programs
Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Information about a person that you can use to uniquely identify them, such as medical, financial, or employment information
Encryption
The process in which data is encoded into another form
Crowdsourcing
The practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the internet
Citizen Science
Crowdsourcing in scientific research
Intellectual Property
A product that is protected by unauthorized use by others
Creative Commons
A not for profit organization that has various forms of license that can be used to protect original work from being plagiarized.
Plagiarism
The copying of someone’s work and passing it off as one’s own
Open Source
Software development that allows programmers and developers to access source code and to modify and improve the code as they see the need
Cybersecurity (information Security)
The protection of a system from unauthorized or criminal use of a system
Decryption
The process of converting a previously encrypted value to its original value
What is MOD
The number leftover when you divide two numbers.
What is 30 Mod 15
The “mod” operation refers to finding the remainder when a number is divided by another number. In this case, you are asked to find the remainder when 30 is divided by 15.
Since 30 is exactly divisible by 15 (30 / 15 = 2), there is no remainder. Therefore, 30 mod 15 equals 0.
What are the typical uses of UDP and TCP
TCP is commonly used for applications that require reliable data transmission, such as email, file transfer, and web browsing.
UDP is commonly used for applications that prioritize speed and can tolerate some data loss, such as streaming media, online gaming, and voice over IP (VoIP).
What is more reliable, TCP or UDP?
TCP ensures reliable data transmission by implementing error checking, retransmission of lost or corrupted packets, and proper sequencing of packets. This ensures that the receiver gets the data exactly as it was sent.
UDP, does not provide any built-in error checking or retransmission, making it less reliable for applications that require guaranteed delivery.
What is faster, TCP or UDP?
Since UDP does not have error-checking or retransmission mechanisms, it is faster than TCP.
This makes it suitable for applications where speed is a priority, and occasional data loss is acceptable.
TCP, due to its built-in error checking and retransmission mechanisms, is slower but more suitable for applications that require reliable data transmission.
What is a real-world example of “abstraction”
A car’s controls (steering wheel, pedals, buttons) provide a simplified interface for driving. The complex engine mechanics and electronics are hidden, letting drivers focus on the essential actions without knowing the technical details.
Other examples include a microwave and a watch. Both have simple interfaces hiding complex inner workings.
