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APUSH 2022 > AP Exam Flashcards - Key Events > Flashcards

AP Exam Flashcards - Key Events

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

types of early Native American society

A

North: fishing, hunting
South: agriculture
Great Lakes: Iroquois League, “three sisters”, slash-and-burn agriculture
Great Plains: nomadic bison-hunting
Southwest: maize (from Mexico)

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2
Q

Christopher Columbus travels to America, spurring the Age of Exploration

A

1492
God, Gold, and Glory

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3
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

trade of goods, animals, ideas, and disease between the New and Old Worlds

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4
Q

Triangular Trade

A

path of trade between the Americas (raw materials), Europe (markets), and Africa (labor)

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5
Q

New Spain

A

conversion, some assimilation leading to caste system
extraction of resources

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6
Q

encomienda system

A

1512
giving land to settlers in exchange for promise to convert some native laborers

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7
Q

New France

A

1608: Quebec
value on fur trade, mutually beneficial relationships

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8
Q

New Netherlands

A

1625
value on fur trade, not much focus on conversion

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9
Q

first African ship arrives in New World, carrying slave labor

A

1525

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10
Q

Virginia Company of London establishes the first permanent settlement at Jamestown

A

1607
joint-stock company
settlers given equal rights as Englishmen

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11
Q

Starving Time

A

1607-1625
“He who shall not work, shall not eat”

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12
Q

House of Burgesses

A

1619
first form of representative government
disbanded in 1624

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13
Q

Barbados Slave Code

A

1661
establishes early presence of “Black codes” in Americas

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14
Q

First Anglo-Powhatan War

A

1610-1614
ends on uneasy peace with Powhatan’s Confederacy

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15
Q

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

A

1622-1646
first instance of use of reservation land for Native Americans (Cherokee)

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16
Q

“King Nicotine”

A

1612
John Rolfe discovers fecundity of tobacco

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17
Q

Maryland

A

Act of Toleration (1649): preludes freedom of religion as Catholic sanctuary

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18
Q

West Indies; Carolinas; Georgia

A

Chesapeake colonies
slavery; split; buffer colony

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19
Q

Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth, Massachusetts after time spent in Holland

A

1620
sign Mayflower Compact, giving first form of self-representative government contract (consent of the governed)

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20
Q

1630s Great Migration

A

growth of Massachusetts Bay Colony; growth of Northern industry

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21
Q

Rhode Island

A

settled by radical Roger Williams, who allows freedom of religion
shelters Anne Hutchinson (1637), who preaches antinomianism

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22
Q

Pequot War

A

1637
annihilation of Pequot tribe

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23
Q

Metacom’s War

A

1675-1676
Metacom’s Confederacy fails; native threats virtually extinguished

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24
Q

Fundamental Orders

A

1639
document signed by Connecticut as crude Constitution

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25
Q

Pennsylvania

A

Quakers; religious freedom, non-violence

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26
Q

Middle Passage

A

dangerous trip between Africa and the Americas for slaves

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27
Q

Bacon’s Rebellion

A

1676
establishes need for labor outside of indentured servitude

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28
Q

Stono Rebellion

A

1739
huge slave revolt; also see quiet resistance on part of enslaved

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29
Q

mercantilism

A

laboring for profit of mother country
Trade and Navigation Acts (1651) underscore salutary neglect

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30
Q

First Great Awakening

A

George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards

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31
Q

Zenger Trial

A

1734-1735
establishes freedom of the press

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32
Q

Pueblo Revolt

A

1680
marks substantial Native American resistance and success

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33
Q

French and Indian War

A

1754-1763
end of salutary neglect
fighting over land in Ohio River Valley; Proclamation of 1763 forbids settlement in newly acquired area
Treaty of Paris (1763); British double national debt
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) - group confederacy

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34
Q

Albany Plan

A

1754
Franklin’s attempt at an intercolonial government

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35
Q

transatlantic print culture

A

spreads ideals of Enlightenment, pragmatism to United States

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36
Q

Grenville’s Reforms

A

1763-1766
Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Quartering Act
leads to Sons and Daughters of Liberty; Stamp Act Congress; Committees of Correspondence

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37
Q

Declaratory Act

A

gives Britain the power to enact whatever laws it should choose

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38
Q

Boston Massacre

A

1770
rioting colonists provoke Redcoat bullets

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39
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

1773
thinly veiled attempt at showing “Native Americans” rioting against taxes

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40
Q

First Continental Congress

A

1774
after Intolerable (Coercive) Acts put in place

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41
Q

Common Sense, Declaration of Independence published

A

1776

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42
Q

Washington re-crosses the Delaware, rallies troops to become a hero

A

Christmas 1776

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43
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A

1777
first decisive win for the colonies
incites French aid

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44
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A

1781
British surrender

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45
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

1783
recognize colonies as independent, sovereign entities

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46
Q

Philadelphia Convention

A

1787
Federalists gather to create laws outlining new government

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47
Q

Constitution

A

1789
Great Compromise; Slave Trade Compromise; Three-Fifths Compromise
ratified only with the promise of the Bill of Rights (1791)

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48
Q

Federalist Papers

A

essays by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton encouraging ratification of the Constitution (anonymous)

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49
Q

Washington becomes president; Cabinet created

A

1789

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50
Q

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A

prohibits slavery in all newly acquired midwestern territories

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51
Q

Judiciary Act

A

1789
establishes Supreme, federal, and circuit courts

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52
Q

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

A

loose constructionist
assumption of state debts
high protective tariff
Bank of the United States

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53
Q

Proclamation of Neutrailty

A

1793
pledge to stay out of foreign wars

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54
Q

Whiskey Rebellion

A

1794
Washington uses excess federal force to quell rebels

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55
Q

Jay’s Treaty

A

1794
trade between US and Britain becomes “most favored”

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56
Q

Washington’s Farewell Address

A

warning against interventionism and political parties

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57
Q

XYZ Affair

A

1797
creation of Navy, re-establishment of Marine Corps

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58
Q

Alien and Sedition Acts

A

1798
new residency requirements and free speech constraints
inspire Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions –> Theory of Nullification

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59
Q

Election of 1800

A

Thomas Jefferson elected as first Democratic-Republican
first party switch

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60
Q

Naturalization Law

A

1802
pardons Alien and Sedition Acts

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61
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

1803
Jefferson oversteps federal government’s power under strict constructionist argument

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62
Q

Tripolitan War

A

1801-1805
Jefferson forced to create infantile Army, Navy to deal with Barbary pirates

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63
Q

Embargo of 1807

A

backfires substantially; Jefferson oversteps executive power

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64
Q

War of 1812

A

caused by desire for economic and maritime rights
Britain impressing American soldiers during battle with French

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65
Q

Battle of Tippecanoe

A

1811
Tecumseh’s forces (Native American confederation) defeated by William Henry Harrison

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66
Q

Treaty of Ghent

A

1814
armistice; virtually no land changes hands

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67
Q

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

A

1814
Jackson becomes the “Indian Killer”

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68
Q

Hartford Convention

A

1814
death of the Federalist party - they look like traitors

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69
Q

Battle of New Orleans

A

1815
Jackson becomes a national hero

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70
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

death of Federalist party ushers in period with only Democratic-Republicans

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71
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

1803
judicial review

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72
Q

McColloch v. Maryland

A

1819
constitutionality of National Bank
federal power > state power

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73
Q

Territorial changes

A

British Cession (1818)
Florida Cession (1819)
Russo-American Treaty (1824)

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74
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

1823
isolationism and imperialism in the Western Hemisphere

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75
Q

market revolution

A

integration of new technologies
steel plow, canals, telegram, cotton gin, commercial farming
national identity formed through American economic superpower

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76
Q

American System

A

1824
recharter National Bank
new (high) protective tariffs
growth of infrastructure

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77
Q

Common Man Democracy

A

acheived during Era of Good Feelings through universal white male suffrage

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78
Q

Panic of 1819

A

first major financial crisis is scapegoated onto the National Bank

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79
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

1820
line drawn at 36’30 parallel: no slavery above

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80
Q

Election of 1824

A

Corrupt Bargain
Quincy Adams becomes president, Henry Clay becomes Secretary of State
Jackson wins popular vote but not majority of Electoral College, so vote goes to House of Representatives

81
Q

Election of 1828

A

Jackson wins as the “common man”
new two-party system develops: pro-federal government Whigs and states’ rights Democrats

82
Q

Jackson’s contradictions

A

Maysville Road Veto (1830)
Spoils System
National Bank Veto (1832)

83
Q

Nullification Crisis of 1828

A

South Carolina threatens secession
simultaneous Compromise Tariff and Force Bill of 1833

84
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

1830
leads to Trail of Tears and relocation
Jackson won’t uphold ruling in Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) that laws cannot be upheld on reservations

85
Q

immigration from Ireland, Germany

A

prompting of more nativism
Know-Nothing Party

86
Q

Second Great Awakening (1820s-1840s)

A

“fire-and-brimstone”
Utopias
American Temperance Society
Cult of Domesticity (separate spheres)
Seneca Falls and the Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

87
Q

abolition

A

grows in popularity through Garrison, Douglass
sparks especially after Compromise of 1850 and forced acceptance of Fugitive Slave Act

88
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

preordained right to territorial expansion based on racial, cultural superiority

89
Q

Texas

A

1845 joint resolution of Congress
enacted after 1836 declaration of independence from Mexico

90
Q

Wilmot Proviso

A

1846
failed amendment to make all territories acquired from Mexico anti-slavery

91
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

California as free state
New Mexico, Utah as popular sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Act tightens

92
Q

regional cultures develop

A

North is industrial
South is agricultural
different opinions start to form on state lines (e.g. tariffs - North pro, South anti)

93
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

1852; Harriet Beecher Stowe
incites increased leanings towards abolitionism

94
Q

Ostend Manifesto

A

1854
secret plan discovered to admit Cuba as slave state

95
Q

Nicaragua

A

1856
Pierce allows settlers to incite civil war, allows them to be killed

96
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

1854
establishes territories as under popular sovereignty
invalidates Missouri Compromise

97
Q

Bleeding Kansas

A

1856-1865
fights break out over presence of slavery in Kansas
1856: Caning of Senator Sumner

98
Q

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

A

1857
Black people are not citizens and cannot sue
Congress cannot regulate presence of slavery –> invalidates Missouri Compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Compromise of 1850, popular sovereignty, Northwest Ordinance of 1787

99
Q

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A

1858
Lincoln established as strong leader, good opinions (for the North)

100
Q

Harper’s Ferry Raid

A

1859
John Brown becomes abolitionist martyr

101
Q

South Carolina secedes

A

1860
leads to first battle at Fort Sumter in 1861

102
Q

Battle of Antietam

A

1862
leads to Emancipation Proclamation

103
Q

Battle of Gettysburg

A

1863
garner more support for cause

104
Q

Robert E. Lee surrenders

A

1865
Appomattox Court House

105
Q

issues during Civil War

A

suspension of civil liberties (habeas corpus) in neutral states
Conscription Act (1863) invokes Draft Riots
women push towards external sphere
increase in land grant, settlement acts

106
Q

First Confiscation Act

A

1861
Union allowed to free slaves as “contraband of war”

107
Q

Letter to Horace Greely

A

says Lincoln only wants to “unite the Union”

108
Q

Reconstruction amendments

A

13th (1864): freedom
14th: citizenship
15th: universal male suffrage

109
Q

Proclamation of Amnesty

A

1863
Confederates must give 10% loyalty oath to rejoin Union
Lincoln pocket-vetoes the 1864 Wade-Davis Bill, with a 50% loyalty oath

110
Q

Freedman’s Bureau

A

government agency designed to facilitate short and long-term change

111
Q

Johnson’s actions

A

pardons many Confederates
allows for passage of Black codes
does not enforce Reconstruction efforts
will not support Civil Rights Act, kills Freedman’s Bureau in second iteration

112
Q

Reconstruction Acts

A

1867
places military occupation in South until they sign amendments into Constitutions
leads to growth of KKK, white power movements, Jim Crow laws

113
Q

Election of 1876

A

Hayes becomes president; must remove troops from South and support Southern transcontinental railroad
Southern Redeemers able to begin efforts to disenfranchise (poll taxes, literacy tests, Grandfather clause)

114
Q

Pacific Railway Acts

A

1862 and 1864
allow for creation of transcontinental railroad
creates boomtowns, national economy
Grant’s Credit Mobilier Scandal

115
Q

first railroad strike

A

1867
performed by Chinese immigrants on the credit-ticket system

116
Q

Turner’s Frontier Thesis

A

1890
America needs a frontier: individualism, independence, economic opportunity, equality, democracy

117
Q

Homestead Act

A

1862
160 acres for promise of 5 years’ cultivation
only 2/3 of homesteaders would succeed (mostly immigrants)

118
Q

General Mining Law

A

1872
workers’ rights for miners following Gold Rush commotion

119
Q

Battle of Little Bighorn

A

1874
Custer’s Last Stand; Sitting Bull defeats American troops attempting to take over sacred Black Hills (from Second Fort Laramie Treaty)

120
Q

Nez Perce

A

1877
forced surrender because of federal violence towards herding into reservation system

121
Q

Indian Appropriation Act

A

1871
no longer recognize tribes as sovereign nations

122
Q

Dawes Act

A

1887
redistributed reservation land, offered citizenship only upon assimilation

123
Q

Wounded Knee Massacre

A

1890
provoked by peaceful resistance, Ghost Dances

124
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A

rise of industrial capitalism during Gilded Age
laissez-faire capitalism
Social Darwinism
Gospel of Wealth
trusts (integration)
increased polarization of wealth
female, youth employment
consumerism

125
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act

A

1890
government provisions to prohibit all trusts (used mostly on “good” trusts)

126
Q

unions and strikes

A

Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Pullman Strike of 1894
encourage federal action

National Labor Union (1866)
Knights of Labor (1869)
American Federation of Labor (1896)

127
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

1882
banned all Chinese immigration

128
Q

growth of cities

A

ethnic neighborhoods boom while white populations move to suburbia
Tenement House and Reform Acts

129
Q

political machines

A

took advantage of immigrants to offer welfare in exchange for votes
Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed

130
Q

settlement houses

A

offered welfare to immigrant communities (Hull House by Jane Addams)

131
Q

Know-Nothing Party

A

1850s
nativism (because of increased immigration of Eastern Europeans)

132
Q

Pendleton Act

A

1881
wealthy must fund political campaigns (patronage politics)

133
Q

McKinley Tariff

A

1890
imported goods taxed 48%

134
Q

Populist Party

A

1896 election
Omaha Platform: want graduated income tax, direct Senate vote

135
Q

muckrakers

A

expose journalists (Ida Tarbell)
Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” inspires Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act

136
Q

trust-busting, Square Deal

A

Roosevelt attempts to crack down on integration, honor unions

137
Q

Clayton Antiturst Act

A

1914 (Wilson)
strengthens Sherman Act, reclassifies unions

138
Q

rise of socialism

A

Eugene V. Debs, Emma Goldman, Wobblies (never get enough power)
inspire welfare changes

139
Q

Progressive amendments

A

16th (1913): graduated income tax
17th (1913): direct election of Senate
18th (1919): prohibition (repealed by 21st)
19th (1920): women’s suffrage

140
Q

shift from isolationism to interventionism

A

Seward’s Folly (1867) of Alaska
Reciprocity Treaty of 1887 gives US access to Pearl Harbor

141
Q

official annexation of Republic of Hawaii

A

1898

142
Q

Spanish-American War provocations

A

February 1898
De Lome letter
explosion of USS Maine in Havana

143
Q

Teller Amendment

A

1898
no annexation of Cuba upon independence

144
Q

Treaty of Paris (1898)

A

US receives Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines
major debate sparked over imperialism

145
Q

Insular Cases

A

1901-1903
ruled that Constitutional privileges do not extend to territories

146
Q

Platt Amendment

A

1901
US control over Cuba (treaties)
takes Guantanamo Bay

147
Q

Open Door Policy

A

1899
free trade within China for world powers

148
Q

Panama Canal

A

1904-1914
Roosevelt incites Colombian revolution to take land for canal

149
Q

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

A

1904
US will intervene in any necessary Latin American affairs

150
Q

Dollar Diplomacy

A

Taft
funnel money into Latin America

151
Q

Moral Diplomacy

A

Wilson
try to establish precedents of morality, democracy
Jones Act (1916): eventual Filipino independence

152
Q

start of World War I

A

unrestricted submarine warfare (1913-1916, 1917)
sinking of Lusitania (1915)
Zimmerman telegram

153
Q

infringements on civil liberties

A

Selective Service Act (1917)
Espionage Act (1917)
Sedition Act (1918)
Schenck vs. United States (1919): suspension of civil liberties during wartime is constitutional

154
Q

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

A

1918
freedom of seas, peace without victory, League of Nations

155
Q

First Red Scare

A

1919-1920
caused by Bolshevik Revolution, labor unrest
Palmer Raids (1919)
Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti (1921)
rise of the KKK (1915)

156
Q

new nativism

A

Emergency Quota Act (1921)
National Origins Act (1924)

157
Q

Washington Naval Conference

A

1921-1922
mass agreement for demilitarization

158
Q

Black Tuesday

A

October 29, 1929
crash of the stock market
catalyst of Great Depression

caused by buying on margin, overexpansion of credit, Dust Bowl in Midwest

159
Q

Hoover’s failures

A

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Bonus March (1932)
Hoovervilles

160
Q

the New Deal

A

FDR’s program to “prime the pump” and revive the economy

161
Q

Alphabet Soup

A

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Securities and Exchange Commission
Works Progress Administration
Public Works Administration
Social Security Administration

162
Q

Judicial Procedures Reform Bill

A

FDR’s attempt at court-packing (failure)

163
Q

traditional vs. modernity debate

A

Scopes Trial (1925)
Flappers
new technologies

164
Q

Great Migration

A

movement of African Americans into Northern cities for job opportunities
spurs Harlem Renaissance

165
Q

Pan-American Conference, Good Neighbor Policy

A

1933
stay out of Latin America

166
Q

Nye Committee

A

1934
publishes motivations of corporations from WWI
inspires isolationism for years

167
Q

Neutrality Acts

A

1935, 1936, 1937
prevent contact with belligerent nations

168
Q

Munich Conference

A

1938
appease Germany with the Sudetenland

169
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

Dec 7, 1941
official US entrance into WWII

170
Q

Yalta Conference

A

1945
draw lines of occupied zones of Germany post-WWII

171
Q

turning points on Asian front

A

Battle of Midway (1942)
Atomic bombs on Nagasaki, Hiroshima (1945)

172
Q

“Production Miracle”

A

WWII ends the Great Depression
industries boom
new job opportunities for women, Mexicans (Bracero Program, 1942)

173
Q

Civil Rights changes from WWII

A

Double V for Victory campaign
Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942

174
Q

Korematsu vs. United States

A

1944
Japanese internment during WWII was constitutional

175
Q

Second Great Migration

A

1940s-1970s
movement westward for job opportunities

176
Q

Truman administration during the Cold War

A

containment
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan (1947) send aid to European countries
Berlin Blockade (1948), NATO (1949), fall of China (1949) despite US involvement

177
Q

Korean War

A

1950-1953
containment success, but not able to harm institution of communism

178
Q

Second Red Scare

A

McCarthyism
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 1948

179
Q

Eisenhower during Cold War

A

mutually assured destruction (with John Foster Dulles)
Guatemala (1954)
Iranian Revolution
military-industrial complex

180
Q

National Defense and Education Act

A

1958
funding of STEM education to push future innovations

181
Q

Bay of Pigs Disaster

A

1961
failed attempt to assassinate Castro
JFK must admit failure

182
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

1962
13-day experience on brink of nuclear war

183
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A

1964
gives president power to do whatever they feel necessary
redacted with War Powers Resolution after Vietnam

184
Q

Tet Offensive

A

1968
shifts American public opinion against participation in Vietnam War

185
Q

Nixon during Vietnam War

A

“Vietnamization” –> increased bombing despite decreased soldiers
My Lai Massacre (1968)
Cambodian Incursion (1970)

186
Q

official fall of Saigon

A

1975

187
Q

Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education

A

1954
ruled that “separate but equal” doctrine was invalid in schools

188
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycotts

A

1955-1956

189
Q

Little Rock Nine

A

1957

190
Q

Greensboro Sit-Ins

A

1960

191
Q

Freedom Riders

A

1961

192
Q

Civil Rights Act

A

1964
bans racial discrimination in all public buildings
leads to:
24th Amendment (1964): no more poll taxes
Voting Rights Act (1965)
Immigration and Neutrality Act (1965)

193
Q

Nixon administration

A

detente of Cold War
relations with China
Pentagon Papers (1971)
Clean Air Act (1960)
Watergate (1972)
OPEC oil embargo (1973)

194
Q

Indian Self-Determination Act

A

1975
gives power over reservations back to Native Americans

195
Q

Carter administration

A

Camp David Accords (1978)
Panama Canal Treaty (1979)
Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979)
Malaise Speech (1979)

196
Q

1950s

A

growth of sunbelt, suburbanization, middle class, and youth counterculture

197
Q

Strategic Defense Initiative

A

1983
“Star Wars”

198
Q

end of Cold War

A

1989: Berlin Wall falls
1991: Soviet Union collapses

199
Q

Reagan administration and the New Right

A

deregulation
tax cuts
military spending
Reaganomics

APUSH 2022 (3 decks)

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