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AP exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the lungs and pulmonary capillaries is known as what type of respiration?

A

External respiration

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2
Q

When there is more CO2 (which turns into H2CO3) in an animal’s blood, does that commonly make the blood more

A

More acidic (lower pH)

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3
Q

An owner has a bitch who whelped overnight and finds one dead puppy. One way to tell if a dead newborn puppy died in utero vs after it was born puppy is to:

A

See if it’s lungs float if placed in water

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4
Q

What one single structure ensures food goes into esophagus vs the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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5
Q

The main muscles of INSPIRATORY breathing is the ——- and the external ——– muscles

A

diaphragm, Intercostal

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6
Q

What part of the brain controls breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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7
Q

What structure connects the pharynx to the trachea

A

Larynx

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8
Q

What controls breathing

A

Medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Name 4 secondary functions of the respiratory system

A

Voice, smell, acid-base, temp

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10
Q

Name 2+ functions of the nasal cavity to condition air

A

Humidify, filter, warm

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11
Q

What structure increases surface area of nasal passage

A

Turbinates

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12
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

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13
Q

What structures anchor teeth into alveoli?

A

Periodontal Ligaments

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14
Q

What term describes the act of grasping food and bringing it into the mouth?

A

Prehension

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15
Q

A layer of epithelium, the lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae are layers that are part of what part of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

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16
Q

The line separating the right & left upper lips of an animal is called what?

A

Philtrum

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17
Q

What structure separates the rostral oral cavity from the rostral nasal cavity?

A

Hard Palate

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18
Q

What structure is the main structure that blocks & protects the larynx when an animal is swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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19
Q

What is hardest substance in the body

A

Enamel

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20
Q

What is deglutition

A

Swallowing

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21
Q

What prevents stomach contents from going back up esophagus

A

Cardiac Sphincter

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22
Q

What three movements of TMJ

A

Flex, Extend, Translocation

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23
Q

What kind of teeth do Horses, Lagomorphs, and rodents have?

A

Hypsodont

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24
Q

What does the Myenteric plexus control?

A

Peristalsis

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25
Q

What structure prevents food from coming back up into the esophagus from the stomach?

A

Cardiac Sphincter

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26
Q

What is another name for the secondary reticulorumen contractions in ruminants where methane and carbon dioxide are expelled?

A

Eructation

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27
Q

The webbed-looking, serous membrane in the abdominal cavity that is extra thick (double-layered), links the stomach to the abdominal wall & other organs, and stores fat is called what?

A

Omentum

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28
Q

What is the name of acidic, hypertonic food material after it has been in the stomach?

A

Chyme

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29
Q

What does pepsin help break down?

A

Proteins

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30
Q

What part of a monogastric stomach is made to expand as the stomach fills with food?

A

Fundus

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31
Q

True Stomach

A

Abomasum

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32
Q

Absorbs water and salt

A

Omasum

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33
Q

Honeycomb appearance

A

Reticulum

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34
Q

Fermentation takes place in the

A

Rumen

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35
Q

What enzyme breaks down starches, and where does it first start

A

Amylase, Saliva (Mouth)

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36
Q

Which phase of secretion starts with anticipation of the meal

A

Cephalic phase

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37
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical, Chemical

38
Q

What structure in the neonatal ruminant allows milk to bypass the rumen and go straight to the glandular stomach?

A

Esophageal groove

39
Q

What does the Chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

40
Q

What hormone regulates pyloric emptying, releases pancreatic enzymes, Squeezes gall bladder, and other functions

A

CCK – Cholecystokinin

41
Q

Fat

42
Q

Starch

43
Q

Proteins

44
Q

Which structure is NOT included in the portal triad?

A

Central Vein

45
Q

Where does the portal duct enter the GI system?

46
Q

The major storage form of glucose in the liver is?

47
Q

Colon Type - Short Ascending

48
Q

Colon Type - Spiral S Shaped Coiling down and up

49
Q

Colon Type - Spiral Cone Shaped

50
Q

Colon Type - Double Horse-Shoe shaped dorsal and ventral ascending colon

51
Q

What are the vessels in the hepatic triad?

A

Hepatic PORTAL vein, Hepatic artery, Bile duct

52
Q

What cell in the liver is the Macrophage that self-replicates?

A

Kupffer Cell

53
Q

Where SPECIFICALLY do horses ferment?

54
Q

What are the 2 liver surfaces?

A

Diaphragmatic, Visceral

55
Q

What are the 2 primary movements of the Small Intestines?

A

Peristalsis, Segmentation

56
Q

Where do large chain sugars get broken down into the final glucose to be absorbed?

A

Membrane (Membrane digestion)

57
Q

The process of breaking down fat globules

A

Emulsification

58
Q

The consumption of feces

A

Coprophagia

59
Q

The movement of undigested food back up the esophagus toward the mouth

A

Regurgitation

60
Q

The act of chewing

A

Mastication

61
Q

The process of expelling feces

A

Defecation

62
Q

A wavelike motion that progressively moves through a tubular organ such as the small intestine

A

Peristalsis

63
Q

The structure in the pharynx that prevents food from entering the trachea

A

Epiglottis

64
Q

This substance forms the bulk of the tooth and surrounds the pulp

65
Q

The lateral and rostral movement of the temporomandibular joint?

A

Translation

66
Q

The upper left canine tooth in the triadan system

67
Q

Longest part of the small intestine

68
Q

Sacculations in the colon and large intestine of horses and rabbits

69
Q

The two general sources that result in excessive bilirubin and jaundice

A

Bile Acid - Liver, Heme - Blood

70
Q

This phase of GI secretions start with smell and sight

A

Cephalic Phase

71
Q

This hormone stimulates bile secretion and slows stomach emptying

72
Q

In cattle, chewing the cud

A

Rumination

73
Q

These bulging sac like structures found mostly in the horse colon and cecum

74
Q

In which 2 chambers of a ruminant stomach does fermentation take place

A

Rumen and Reticulum

75
Q

The True Glandular stomach of a ruminant

76
Q

Dead microbes in a ruminants GI Tract can be absorbed for what source of nutrient

77
Q

What structure marks the transition of upper and lower respiratory tract

78
Q

Where does external respiration occur

79
Q

The medial part of the lungs where bronchi, Blood Vessels, Lymph Vessels, and Nerve Enter and leave the lungs is called what

80
Q

Alveoli in the lung are lined with a thin layer of fluid that reduces surface tension and is called what

A

Surfactant

81
Q

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in capillaries and Tissues/Cells of the body is what type of respiration

A

Internal respiration

82
Q

Which term refers to the volume of air inspired and expired in 1 breath

A

Tidal volume

83
Q

Increasing this in the blood makes it more acidic

84
Q

These structures divide one side of a nasal passage into three main passageways

A

Turbinates

85
Q

This structure provides smell, humidity, filtering, and temperature control

A

Nasal Cavity

86
Q

What terms refers to the pressure of each individual gas in air or in a liquid

A

Partial Pressure

87
Q

This bone holds the larynx place

88
Q

Process of production of glucose from non-carb sources in the liver

A

Gluconeogenesis

89
Q

Enterohepatic circulations revolves around what product/chemical

A

Bile Salts

90
Q

The main basic building block of energy for ruminants

A

Volatile fatty acids

91
Q

The disease process that occurs during starvation when fat is used for energy

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