AP exam Flashcards
segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.
De Facto Segregation
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Ecological Footprint
geographic economic theory that says that land values are their highest closer to the center of a city and less valued further from the center of the city
Bid-Rent Theory
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
Blockbusting
Rapidly growing suburban cities
Boomburbs
Abandoned polluted industrial sites in central cities many of which are today being cleaned and redeveloped
brownfields
The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores offices and cultural activates are concentrated building densities are usually quite high and transportation systems converge.
Central business district
clusters of large buildings away from the central business district
Edge Cities
communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status
Exurbs
An area typically in highly populated lower income urban environment where healthy fresh food is difficult to find.
Food deserts
the restoration of a run-down urban area by the middle class often resulting in the displacement of lower-income people
Gentrification
a process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated center of poverty as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.
Ghettoization
used to explain the interactions among cities based on the size of the cities population and the distance between them.
Gravity model
A ring of land maintained as parks agriculture or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
greenbelts
goods purchased less frequently not essential usually luxury items.
high order goods
discrimination in which an individual or family is treated unequally when trying to buy rent lease sell or finance a home based on certain characteristics such as race class sex religion national organ and familial status
housing discrimination
The use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for further construction or development.
infilling
all services and institutions that help maintain the health safety economic and social aspects of a country
infrastructure
goods purchased more frequently less expensive made as quick purchases
low order goods
cities with more than 10 million people
megacities
cities with more than 20 million people
metacities
an approach to urban design that combines different types of land use within a particular neighborhood or district
Mixed-use development
A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.
new urbanism
those countries that are less developed and receive a disproportionately small share of the global wealth
periphery countries
a city that dominates a country’s economy, culture, and government and in which population is concentrated
primate city
transportation service for the general public operating on a regular, continual basis that is publicly or privately owned.
public transportation
data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives.
qualitative data
data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association.
quantitative data
the maximum distance a person will travel to purchase a good or service
range
states the second-largest city in a country will be approximately one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be approximately one-third the size of the largest city, and so on.
rank-size rule
a discriminatory real estate practice in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods
redlining
removal of waste porducts
sanitation
countries that contain aspects of both core and periphery
semi periphery
is the actual place or location of the city and the land that the city was built on
site factors
refers to the connections between a city’s site and other cities
situation factors
an urban planning theory that concentrates walkable city areas to prevent urban sprawl
smart growth factors
an urban planning theory that concentrates walkable city areas to prevent urban sprawl
smart growth policies
an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
squatter settlements
the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe
suburbanization
development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations
sustainable development
the minimum number of people needed to support a good or service
threshold
Areas generally associated with river valleys in with seasonal floods and fertile soils aided the production of an agricultural surplus
urban hearths
a ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity
urban hierarchy
rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
urban renewal
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.
urban sprawl
the growth of cities
urbanization
how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment
walkability
centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce
world cities/Global cities
areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons
zones of abandonment
A region with a node or center hub, surrounded by interconnecting linkages. Usually connections related to trade, communications, transportation, etc.
Functional region
A region defined by feelings and prejudices that may or may not be true.
Perceptual/Vernacular Region
A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.
Environmental Determinism
The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
Environmental Possibilism
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Distance Decay
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).
physical and human aspects of a location
place
is the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even thought their distances are the same.
Time-Space Compression
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface
5 Themes of Geography
Location, Movement, Place, Human Interaction, Region
Spatial Association
The distribution of one phenomenon is spatially related to the distribution of another
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
globalization
a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another in a given area
spatial perspective
The organization of earth’s surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas
regionalization
Explanations for why a spatial pattern occurs
'’where of why’’
A region with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute
Formal Region
Interactions occurring in a community
Local scale
Interactions occurring within a region, in a country setting
national scale
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods
remote sensing
A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation.
Reference Map
a map that shows a particular theme, or topic
Thematic Map
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
sustainability
the scale at which the map, chart, or data is differentiating the data being communicated
Scale of Analysis
The study of the earth’s surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products.
Geography
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
Latitude
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and recievers.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map
Map projection
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
region
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
Scale
The physical gap between two objects
Space
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
Resources
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it
Map
The physical characteristics of a place
Site
The location of a place relative to other places
situation
use lines of equal value to represent data like elevation, barometric pressure or temperature
isoline maps
a thematic map in which a variable is depicted with shading patterns or colors.
choropleth maps
a thematic map in which the size of the symbol varies in proportion to the intensity of the mapped variable
Proportional Symbol Map
a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable.
Dot map
a thematic map using relative size of political units to convey a value.
Cartogram
Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic
Qualitative data
numerical data
Quantitative data
The arrangement of something across Earths surface
distribution
Interactions occurring at the scale of the world, in a global setting.
Global scale
An increase in the median age of country’s population either due to declining fertility rates or rising life expectancy
Aging population
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Agricultural population density
Government policies that aim to discourage births through reproductive education, women’s health, and incentives
Antinatalist population policies
The ratio of the total population of a country to the total area
Arithmetic population density
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Asylum seekers
Humans will always find a way to increase food production to feed growing populations
Boserup Theory
The largest population that an area can support
Carrying capacity
Pattern of migration that develops when migrants follow the same path that family or friends took before them
chain migration
An artificial method for preventing a pregnancy from occurring
Contraception
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude Birth Rate(CBR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude death rate (CDR)
A model of demographic change that argues that, as a country modernizes, its fertility and mortality rates drop, but not at the same time. Because death rates drop before birth rates, population increase will occur.
Demographic transition model (DTM)
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Dependency Ratio
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Ecumene
Focuses on identifying and explaining the causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model
Epidemiological transition model (ETM)
The ability to have a child
Fertility
Human migration flows in which the migrants had no choice but to relocate
Forced migration
A foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
Guest worker
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
internally displaced persons
Permanent movement within a particular country
Internal migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional migration
Any forces or factors that may limit human migration
Intervening Obstacles
Permanent movement within one region of a country
Intraregional migration
A figure indicating how long on average a person may be expected to live
Life expectancy
The theory that population grows faster then food supply and population growth will eventually result in a crisis
Malthusian Theory
Movement of people from one place to another
Migration
People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources
neo- Malthusians
The ratio of the total population of a country to the area of arable land
Physiological population density
The number of people per unit of land
Population Density
The Pattern of where people live
Population distribution
The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size
Population doubling time
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Population pyramids
Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations
Push/ Pull factors
Policies that provide incentives for women to have children typically in countries where population is declining.
Pro Natalist population policies
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Refugees
The difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate in a country that shows population growth without taking into account international migration
Rate of natural increase
The ratio of males to females in a population
Sex ratio
Movement of people from sparsely populated, agricultural regions to cities
Rural-to-urban migration
The condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages
Slavery
Movement to a distant destination that occurs in stages
Step migration
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The seasonal migration of livestock and the human herders between mountains and lowland pastures
Transhumance
The regular movement of a person between two or more countries
Transnational migration
The movement of people because they wish to improve their economic well being, social well bring, or to gain more personal freedoms
Voluntary migrations
occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
Contagious diffusion
the tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time or increasing of space
Cultural divergence
evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one’s own culture
Ethnocentrism
the spread of cultural traits through direct or indirect exchange without migration; includes contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus
Expansion diffusion
adopting the values and practices of the dominant cultural group, while still maintaining elements of their own culture
Acculturation
the process of a minority cultural group fulling embracing and resembling the majority cultural group’s values and practices
Assimilation
the tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology
Cultural convergence
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical landscape
Cultural landscape
the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another
Cultural relativism
the spreading of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture
Diffusion
ethnic groups who are the original owners and caretakers of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently
Indigenous communities
spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and importance
Hierarchical diffusion
the coexistence of different peoples and their cultural ways in one time and place
Multiculturalism
the spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
Relocation diffusion
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cultural landscape
Sequent occupancy
when people in a culture adopt an underlying idea or process from another culture, but modify it because they reject one trait of it.
Stimulus diffusion
a blending of two or more cultures
Syncretism
the idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places
Time Space Convergence
forces that tend to unite or bind a country together
Centripetal forces
forces that tend to divide a country
Centrifugal forces
a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture
Ethnic Enclave
an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
a group of people who share a common history, ancestry, and culture often connected to a certain physical location
Ethnicity
expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex
Gender roles
a group of human beings distinguished by specific physical trait
Race
a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Creolized Languages
a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Dialect
a family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and other parts of Asia
Indo-European
regions from which innovative ideas originate
Hearths
large groups of languages having similar roots
Language families
a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce
Lingua franca
the name given to a location
Toponyms
the universalizing religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the first Buddha
Buddhism
the universalizing religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
Christianity
religions found among people of one ethnic group and that generally have not spread into other cultures
Ethnic religions
the ethnic religions developed in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Hinduism
the universalizing religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god and a body of law written in the Quran
Islam
the ethnic religion originating with Abraham and the Hebrew people having its spiritual principles embodied chiefly in the Torah
Judaism
the universalizing religion founded in India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam
Sikhism
a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
Universalizing religions
behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture
Taboos
repetitive acts that particular individuals form
Habits
repetitive acts of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group
Customs
the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
Material Culture
The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people
Non-material Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
Indigenous/Local/Folk Culture
Cultures found in large, heterogeneous societies that are dominant across a large group
Global/Popular Culture
the physical and human characteristics of a location
Place
the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
Placelessness
community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn
Placemaking
Domination by one country of the political economic or cultural life of another country or region
Imperialism
an area of land managed by a Native American tribe that have some level of autonomy
American Indian reservations
A boundary line established before an area is populated
Antecedent boundaries
a supranational organization that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic
Arctic Council
a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
an area of a state that has some degree of freedom to make decisions for themselves while not having complete sovereignty
Autonomous regions
a strategic strait or canal which could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic
Chokepoints
boundary that coincides with a particular cultural divide
Consequent boundaries
boundary that is identified by physical objects placed on the landscape
Demarcated boundaries
area from which military forces are prohibited
Demilitarized zones
the process of creating a government elected by the people
Democratization
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the central government of a country to more local and regional levels of government
Devolution
the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic group in a society
Ethnic Cleansing
when an ethnic group desires to separate from the larger group
Ethnic separatism
the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to independence
Ethnonationalism
A supranational organization of European countries formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
European Union (EU)
An area from the shore in which a state has rights to explore, exploit, and manage natural resources in the ocean
Exclusive economic zones (EEZ)
A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments
Federal government
Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered to establish limits to sovereignty but are often contested
Four Parts of a Boundary
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
Geometric boundaries
the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a specific political party or group
Gerrymandering
a sovereign country that manages its own internal affairs and territory
Independent State
a movement that seeks to claim and occupy a land that the is considered to be “lost” territory from the group’s past
Irredentism
boundaries in the world’s oceans
Maritime boundaries
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
Multinational states
A group of people who share a common characteristic and live in multiple states.
Multi-state nations
a large group of people people united by common descent, history, culture, or language
Nations
a sovereign state whose citizens are relatively the same in factors such as language, history, culture, or common descent
Nation-states
A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
Neocolonialism
supranational organization formed during the Cold War to combat the expansion of communist states and today is a military alliance between 29 North American and European countries
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population
Redistricting
former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning
Relic boundaries
the right of people to choose their own form of government
Self-determination
an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
Shatterbelt region
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
Sovereignty
a group of people who share a similar language, history, culture, or common descent, but do not have a sovereign state of their own
Stateless nations
a supranational organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states with the aim to encourage economic development and political stability
African Union
boundary line established after an area has been settled that considers the social and cultural characteristics of the area
Subsequent boundaries
boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern
Superimposed boundaries
term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives
Supranationalism
an organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives
Supranational organizations
the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land and their willingness to defend that connection
Territoriality
area extending up to 12 nautical miles from coast in which a state has sovereignty
Territorial seas
acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
Terrorism
the international agreement that establishes rules for control and economic use of ocean space off the coast of countries
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
A centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central group
Unitary government
an supranational organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace, economic development, and human rights
United Nations (UN)
areas of approximately the same population decided by a census where people living in those areas elect representatives
Voting districts
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
agribusiness
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
commercial agriculture
economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment–such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture
primary economic activity
farming that grows produce to provide small upscale niche markets with fresh produce
specialty farming
farming in which only enough food to feed one’s family is produced
subsistence farming
the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
sustainability
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
swidden
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
transhumance
commecial gardening and fruit farming, so named because trck was a Middle English word meaning barting or the exchange of commodities
truck farming
the areas that vegetative farming, seed farming, and domestication of animals originated from
agriculture hearth
the cultivation of seafood
aquaculture
A grass yielding grain for food.
cereal grain
Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.
chaff
the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa
Colombian Exchange
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
crop rotation
growing more than one crop a year on the same land
double cropping
the direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots
vegetative planting
Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
wet rice
domesticated animals that are raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit
Livestock
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.
biotechnology
A modern method of farming that balances maximum crop yield with sustainable farming methods and protection of the environment
conservation agriculture
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
desertification
The domestication of plants and animals and the resulting start of a sedentary society (also called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution)
First Agricultural Revolution
An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.
genetically modified organism
Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.
Green Revolution
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
intensive subsistence farming
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
monoculture
A method of farming that does not use artificial means such as synthetic pesticides and herbicides, antibiotics, and bioengineering
organic farming
A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
pastoralism
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
plantation
Complex form of intercropping in which a large number of different plants maturing at different times are planted together.
polyculture
dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce
Second Agricultural Revolution
remaining in one place
sedentary
the practice of clearing one area for farming for a few years and then moving on to another area when the first has lost its fertility
shifting agriculture
The cultivation of small city gardens for food in the cities of the developing world
urban subsistence farming
ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
milkshed
Seeds are planted in a seedbed prepared by scraping off the top of a ridge
ridge tilling
currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Third Agricultural Revolution
reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.
seed planting
Is planted the same way as wheat, and other cereals. Rice filed can be flooded as well. The whole difference lays in the method of planting.
dry rice
The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves.
domestication
Grouping together of many companies from the same industry in a single area for a collective or a cooperative advantage due to sharing the same infrastructure or the same type of employees
Agglomeration
Grouping together of many companies from the same industry in a single area for a collective or a cooperative advantage due to sharing the same infrastructure or the same type of employees
Break-of-bulk point
an industry where the end product weighs more than the raw materials that results in a factory being built closer to the market than raw materials
Bulk-gaining industry
an industry where the end product weighs less than the raw materials that results in a factory being built closer to the raw materials than market
Bulk-reducing industry
the ability of a country to produce a product with less of an opportunity cost than another country
Comparative advantage
when two countries have goods or services that the other party desires
Complementary advantage
According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the largest share of profits in the world economic system.
Core countries
the ideas that powerful countries control the economic development of less powerful areas
Dependency theory
Variables change in the same direction; either both increase or both decrease.
Direct correlation
more you produce or purchase of something, the cheaper each individual item becomes to produce
Economies of scale
tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments, intended to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife
Ecotourism
an association of European countries formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration
European Union
an area where the government creates specialized policies and desirable investment/manufacturing conditions to attract businesses
Export-processing zones (EPZ)
an agreement between areas to allow goods and services across common borders without hindrances, though capital and labor may not necessarily move as freely
Free trade agreements
an indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country’s gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
a worldwide period of economic difficulty experienced by markets and consumers
Global financial crisis
a measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the sum of a country’s gross domestic product plus all net income received from overseas, divided by the population
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
the total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a year
Gross National Product (GNP)
an indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
Human Development Index (HDI)
a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700’s
Industrial Revolution
the process of developing machine production of goods
Industrialization
relying on one another for goods, services, and ideas
Interdependent
transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed countries to less developed countries
International division of labor
organization that provides loans to countries experiencing balance-of-payment problems that threaten expansion of international trade
International Monetary Fund
Variables change in opposite directions; if one decreases the other increases; if one increases the other decreases.
Inverse correlation
a style of producing goods where the production process only begins when the customer places an order, with minimal inventory kept in stock
Just-in-time delivery
a large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods
Mass consumption
Pact among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to establish a free trade area
MERCOSUR
very small loans to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, and a verifiable credit history
Microloans
the idea that every one dollar of government spending creates more than one dollar in economic activity
Multiplier effects
A policy model that seeks to transfer control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector. It tends towards free-market capitalism and away from government spending, regulation, and public ownership.
Neoliberalism
an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum (oil)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
hiring workers in other countries to do a set of jobs
Outsourcing
the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects
Pollution
modern production methods that do not use an assembly line for making products like those assembly lines designed by Henry Ford
Post-Fordism Production
jobs that take raw materials directly from the earth (ex. farming, mining, forestry, fishing)
Primary sector
jobs that process information and finances (ex. legal services, insurance)
Quaternary sector
jobs that extremely specialized or require extensive knowledge and experience (high-level scientific research, CEOs, political positions)
Quinary sector
the basic material from which a product is made
Raw materials
theory of development that all countries go through a series of five levels of development in the areas of literacy, communications, and productivity per worker
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
jobs that turned raw materials collected by the primary sector into finished goods (ex. manufacturing)
Secondary sector
used to attract foreign investment with tax holidays, exemptions from duties on goods, and reduced property rates
Special economic zones
economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources
Sustainable development
jobs that involve providing a service (ex. sales, banks, doctors, teachers, business owners)
Tertiary sector
Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030 while also protecting natural resources
Sustainable Development Goals
the notion that resources flow from a “periphery” of poor and underdeveloped countries to a “core” of wealthy states
Wallerstein’s World System Theory
theory that is meant to explain the best place to locate a factory
Weber’s Least Cost theory
an international organization with the goal to regulate international trade and try to reduce tariffs
World Trade Organization (WTO)
According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the largest share of profits in the world economic system.
Core countries
the ideas that powerful countries control the economic development of less powerful areas
Dependency theory
tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments, intended to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife
Ecotourism
an indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country’s gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
a measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the sum of a country’s gross domestic product plus all net income received from overseas, divided by the population
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
the total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a year
Gross National Product (GNP)
an indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
Human Development Index (HDI)
the least developed and least powerful nations who are often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets
Periphery countries
theory of development that all countries go through a series of five levels of development in the areas of literacy, communications, and productivity per worker
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries according to the world system theory
Semi-periphery country
economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources
Sustainable development
Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030 while also protecting natural resources
Sustainable Development Goals
the notion that resources flow from a “periphery” of poor and underdeveloped countries to a “core” of wealthy states
Wallerstein’s World System Theory
When two different statistics move in the same direction; either both increase or both decrease.
Direct correlation
when two different statistics move in opposite directions
Indirect correlation
Variables change in the same direction; either both increase or both decrease.
Direct correlation
more you produce or purchase of something, the cheaper each individual item becomes to produce
Economies of scale
an association of European countries formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration
European Union
an area where the government creates specialized policies and desirable investment/manufacturing conditions to attract businesses
Export-processing zones (EPZ)
an agreement between areas to allow goods and services across common borders without hindrances, though capital and labor may not necessarily move as freely
Free trade agreements
a worldwide period of economic difficulty experienced by markets and consumers
Global financial crisis
a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700’s
Industrial Revolution
the process of developing machine production of goods
Industrialization
relying on one another for goods, services, and ideas
the process of developing machine production of goods
transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed countries to less developed countries
International division of labor
organization that provides loans to countries experiencing balance-of-payment problems that threaten expansion of international trade
International Monetary Fund
Variables change in opposite directions; if one decreases the other increases; if one increases the other decreases.
Inverse correlation
a style of producing goods where the production process only begins when the customer places an order, with minimal inventory kept in stock
Just-in-time delivery
a large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods
Mass consumption
Pact among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to establish a free trade area
MERCOSUR
very small loans to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, and a verifiable credit history
Microloans
the idea that every one dollar of government spending creates more than one dollar in economic activity
Multiplier effects
A policy model that seeks to transfer control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector. It tends towards free-market capitalism and away from government spending, regulation, and public ownership.
Neoliberalism
an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum (oil)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
hiring workers in other countries to do a set of jobs
Outsourcing
the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects
Pollution
modern production methods that do not use an assembly line for making products like those assembly lines designed by Henry Ford
Post-Fordism Production
jobs that take raw materials directly from the earth (ex. farming, mining, forestry, fishing)
Primary sector
jobs that process information and finances (ex. legal services, insurance)
Quaternary sector
jobs that extremely specialized or require extensive knowledge and experience (high-level scientific research, CEOs, political positions)
Quinary sector
the basic material from which a product is made
Raw materials
jobs that turned raw materials collected by the primary sector into finished goods (ex. manufacturing)
Secondary sector
used to attract foreign investment with tax holidays, exemptions from duties on goods, and reduced property rates
Special economic zones
jobs that involve providing a service (ex. sales, banks, doctors, teachers, business owners)
Tertiary sector
theory that is meant to explain the best place to locate a factory
Weber’s Least Cost theory
an international organization with the goal to regulate international trade and try to reduce tariffs
World Trade Organization (WTO)
