AP exam Flashcards
segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.
De Facto Segregation
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Ecological Footprint
geographic economic theory that says that land values are their highest closer to the center of a city and less valued further from the center of the city
Bid-Rent Theory
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
Blockbusting
Rapidly growing suburban cities
Boomburbs
Abandoned polluted industrial sites in central cities many of which are today being cleaned and redeveloped
brownfields
The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores offices and cultural activates are concentrated building densities are usually quite high and transportation systems converge.
Central business district
clusters of large buildings away from the central business district
Edge Cities
communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status
Exurbs
An area typically in highly populated lower income urban environment where healthy fresh food is difficult to find.
Food deserts
the restoration of a run-down urban area by the middle class often resulting in the displacement of lower-income people
Gentrification
a process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated center of poverty as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.
Ghettoization
used to explain the interactions among cities based on the size of the cities population and the distance between them.
Gravity model
A ring of land maintained as parks agriculture or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
greenbelts
goods purchased less frequently not essential usually luxury items.
high order goods
discrimination in which an individual or family is treated unequally when trying to buy rent lease sell or finance a home based on certain characteristics such as race class sex religion national organ and familial status
housing discrimination
The use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for further construction or development.
infilling
all services and institutions that help maintain the health safety economic and social aspects of a country
infrastructure
goods purchased more frequently less expensive made as quick purchases
low order goods
cities with more than 10 million people
megacities
cities with more than 20 million people
metacities
an approach to urban design that combines different types of land use within a particular neighborhood or district
Mixed-use development
A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.
new urbanism
those countries that are less developed and receive a disproportionately small share of the global wealth
periphery countries
a city that dominates a country’s economy, culture, and government and in which population is concentrated
primate city
transportation service for the general public operating on a regular, continual basis that is publicly or privately owned.
public transportation
data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives.
qualitative data
data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association.
quantitative data
the maximum distance a person will travel to purchase a good or service
range
states the second-largest city in a country will be approximately one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be approximately one-third the size of the largest city, and so on.
rank-size rule
a discriminatory real estate practice in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods
redlining
removal of waste porducts
sanitation
countries that contain aspects of both core and periphery
semi periphery
is the actual place or location of the city and the land that the city was built on
site factors
refers to the connections between a city’s site and other cities
situation factors
an urban planning theory that concentrates walkable city areas to prevent urban sprawl
smart growth factors
an urban planning theory that concentrates walkable city areas to prevent urban sprawl
smart growth policies
an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
squatter settlements
the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe
suburbanization
development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations
sustainable development
the minimum number of people needed to support a good or service
threshold
Areas generally associated with river valleys in with seasonal floods and fertile soils aided the production of an agricultural surplus
urban hearths
a ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity
urban hierarchy
rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
urban renewal
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.
urban sprawl
the growth of cities
urbanization
how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment
walkability
centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce
world cities/Global cities
areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons
zones of abandonment
A region with a node or center hub, surrounded by interconnecting linkages. Usually connections related to trade, communications, transportation, etc.
Functional region
A region defined by feelings and prejudices that may or may not be true.
Perceptual/Vernacular Region
A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.
Environmental Determinism
The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
Environmental Possibilism
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Distance Decay
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).
physical and human aspects of a location
place
is the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even thought their distances are the same.
Time-Space Compression
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface
5 Themes of Geography
Location, Movement, Place, Human Interaction, Region
Spatial Association
The distribution of one phenomenon is spatially related to the distribution of another
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
globalization
a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another in a given area
spatial perspective
The organization of earth’s surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas
regionalization
Explanations for why a spatial pattern occurs
'’where of why’’
A region with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute
Formal Region
Interactions occurring in a community
Local scale
Interactions occurring within a region, in a country setting
national scale
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods
remote sensing
A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation.
Reference Map
a map that shows a particular theme, or topic
Thematic Map
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
sustainability
the scale at which the map, chart, or data is differentiating the data being communicated
Scale of Analysis
The study of the earth’s surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products.
Geography
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
Latitude
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and recievers.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map
Map projection
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
region
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
Scale
The physical gap between two objects
Space
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
Resources
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it
Map
The physical characteristics of a place
Site
The location of a place relative to other places
situation
use lines of equal value to represent data like elevation, barometric pressure or temperature
isoline maps
a thematic map in which a variable is depicted with shading patterns or colors.
choropleth maps
a thematic map in which the size of the symbol varies in proportion to the intensity of the mapped variable
Proportional Symbol Map
a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable.
Dot map
a thematic map using relative size of political units to convey a value.
Cartogram
Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic
Qualitative data
numerical data
Quantitative data
The arrangement of something across Earths surface
distribution
Interactions occurring at the scale of the world, in a global setting.
Global scale
An increase in the median age of country’s population either due to declining fertility rates or rising life expectancy
Aging population
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Agricultural population density
Government policies that aim to discourage births through reproductive education, women’s health, and incentives
Antinatalist population policies
The ratio of the total population of a country to the total area
Arithmetic population density
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Asylum seekers
Humans will always find a way to increase food production to feed growing populations
Boserup Theory
The largest population that an area can support
Carrying capacity
Pattern of migration that develops when migrants follow the same path that family or friends took before them
chain migration
An artificial method for preventing a pregnancy from occurring
Contraception
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude Birth Rate(CBR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude death rate (CDR)
A model of demographic change that argues that, as a country modernizes, its fertility and mortality rates drop, but not at the same time. Because death rates drop before birth rates, population increase will occur.
Demographic transition model (DTM)
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Dependency Ratio
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Ecumene
Focuses on identifying and explaining the causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model
Epidemiological transition model (ETM)
The ability to have a child
Fertility
Human migration flows in which the migrants had no choice but to relocate
Forced migration
A foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
Guest worker
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
internally displaced persons
Permanent movement within a particular country
Internal migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional migration
Any forces or factors that may limit human migration
Intervening Obstacles
Permanent movement within one region of a country
Intraregional migration
A figure indicating how long on average a person may be expected to live
Life expectancy
The theory that population grows faster then food supply and population growth will eventually result in a crisis
Malthusian Theory
Movement of people from one place to another
Migration
People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources
neo- Malthusians
The ratio of the total population of a country to the area of arable land
Physiological population density
The number of people per unit of land
Population Density
The Pattern of where people live
Population distribution
The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size
Population doubling time
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Population pyramids
Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations
Push/ Pull factors
Policies that provide incentives for women to have children typically in countries where population is declining.
Pro Natalist population policies
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Refugees
The difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate in a country that shows population growth without taking into account international migration
Rate of natural increase
The ratio of males to females in a population
Sex ratio
Movement of people from sparsely populated, agricultural regions to cities
Rural-to-urban migration
The condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages
Slavery
Movement to a distant destination that occurs in stages
Step migration
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The seasonal migration of livestock and the human herders between mountains and lowland pastures
Transhumance
The regular movement of a person between two or more countries
Transnational migration
The movement of people because they wish to improve their economic well being, social well bring, or to gain more personal freedoms
Voluntary migrations
occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
Contagious diffusion
the tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time or increasing of space
Cultural divergence
evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one’s own culture
Ethnocentrism
the spread of cultural traits through direct or indirect exchange without migration; includes contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus
Expansion diffusion
adopting the values and practices of the dominant cultural group, while still maintaining elements of their own culture
Acculturation
the process of a minority cultural group fulling embracing and resembling the majority cultural group’s values and practices
Assimilation
the tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology
Cultural convergence
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical landscape
Cultural landscape
the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another
Cultural relativism
the spreading of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture
Diffusion
ethnic groups who are the original owners and caretakers of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently
Indigenous communities
