AP European History - Unit 2: Reformation Flashcards
What event officially started the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Martin Luther’s posting of the 95 Theses, which criticized the Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences and called for reform.
What were indulgences, and why were they controversial?
Indulgences were payments to the Catholic Church that promised to reduce time in purgatory that promised to reduce time in purgatory. They were seen as corrupt and exploitative.
Who was Johann Tetzel, and what was his role in the Reformation?
He was a Catholic friar who aggressively sold indulgences in Germany, prompting Luther’s 95 Theses.
What happens at the Diet of Worms in 1521, and what was Martin Luther’s response?
Luther was ordered to recant his teachings but refused, famously declaring, “Here I stand.” He was declared an outlaw.
How did Charles V respond to the Protestant Reformation in his empire?
As Holy Roman Emperor, he opposed the Reformation and fought Protestant princes, but ultimately had to compromise with the Peace of Augsburg
What was the Peace of Augsburg, and what did it establish?
Signed in 1555, it allowed each German prince to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territory, legalizing Lutheranism.
What were the main beliefs of John Calvin, and how did they differ from Luther’s?
Calvin emphasized predestination and strict moral discipline. Unlike Luther, he believed in a theocratic government guided by church leaders.
How did Calvin’s Geneva serve as a model for Protestant communities?
Geneva enforced moral laws and served as a center for training Protestant reformers, becoming a theocratic society.
What does predestination mean in Calvinist theology?
It is the belief that God has already chosen who will be saved, regardless of earthly actions.
What beliefs and practices distinguished Anabaptists from other Protestant groups?
They rejected infant baptism, believed in adult baptism, and supported separation of church and state.
What led KIng Henry VIII to break away from the Catholic Church?
The Pope refused to annual his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, so he created the Church of England to gain control over religious matters.
What was the Act of Supremacy (1534), and what did it declare?
It made the English monarch the supreme head of the Church of England, officially separating England from PayPal authority.
What did the Edict of Nantes (1598) accomplish?
Issued by Henry IV, it granted religious toleration to Huguenots and ended the French Wars of Religion, promoting civil unity.
