AP Euro Ch.17/18 Test

Question 1

enclosure

Answer 1

the movement to fence in the fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasant who relied on common fields for farming and pasture

Question 2

proletarianization

Answer 2

the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farms into landless rural wage earners

Question 3

cottage industry

Answer 3

a stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

Question 4

putting-out system pros and cons

Answer 4

the 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant
-merchant controlled the entire process, avoided guild regulations, paid low wages, and thus was able to produce textile and household goods inexpensively.
-Relations between merchant capitalists and rural laborers were strained.

Question 5

industrious revolution

Answer 5

the shift that occurred as families in Northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption, this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods

Question 6

guild system

Answer 6

the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers

Question 7

economic liberalism

Answer 7

a belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

Question 8

navigation acts

Answer 8

a series of english laws that controlled the import of goods to britain and british colonies

Question 9

treaty of paris

Answer 9

the treaty that ended the seven years’ war in europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified british victory on all colonial fronts

Question 10

debt peonage

Answer 10

a form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money

Question 11

atlantic slave trade

Answer 11

the forced migration of africans across the atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18th century and ultimately involved more than 12 million africans

Question 12

community controls

Answer 12

A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community

Question 13

charivari

Answer 13

Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards

Question 14

illegitimacy explosion

Answer 14

The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls

Question 15

wet-nursing

Answer 15

A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women’s babies

Question 16

Blood sports

Answer 16

Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the eighteenth-century European masses.

Question 17

carnival

Answer 17

The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order.

Question 18

just price

Answer 18

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary

Question 19

consumer revolution

Answer 19

The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of Northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Question 20

pietism

Answer 20

A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion. the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.

Question 21

methodists

Answer 21

Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion.

Question 21

jansenism

Answer 21

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope.

Question 22

Adam Smith

Answer 22

Scottish economist; leading proponent of laissez-faire capitalism
-discovered the law of supply and demand
-criticized mercantilism

Question 22

mercantalism

Answer 22

a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver

Question 23

Jethro Tull

Answer 23

Agricultural innovator; inventor of seed drill

Question 24

Agricultural Revolution Pros

Answer 24

-Led to a huge increase in the amount and variety of foodstuffs -Increased agricultural yield by using new methods to revitalize the soil. -Crop rotation was used to restore fertility led to new foods for humans and animals -The growth of productivity led to an increase of the number of cattle and sheep -Technological Advancements in farming -Gave peasants more income -Reinforced traditions -Landlords and capitalists could control land and follow economic liberalism which allowed them to maximize profits

Question 25

Agricultural Revolution cons

Answer 25

-Kept peasants in poverty their whole life as enclosure was implemented giving them less land to work on -Peasants can't take advance in life and break out of hereditary service -mercantilism, promoted free trade but less people to sell goods to since they can't afford it

Question 26

Edward Jenner

Answer 26

discovered the principles of inoculation and performed first smallpox inoculation in England

Question 27

Education

Answer 27

- In Catholic areas, the education of the children of the elite was managed by the Jesuits, and for the poor, by parish schools. - Education in Prussia was at mandatory state schools; in Scotland education was under the Presbyterians, and in England in religious-based "charity schools." - This resulted in a surge in literacy and growth in the reading public

Question 28

Creoles

Answer 28

A person of mixed European and Black descent

Question 29

Population trends

Answer 29

-The population in 1750 was 5.6 million. -Each time, the appropriate agricultural infrastructure was not present, the population fell. -However, by 1750, when the population reached this level again, an onset in agricultural technology allowed population growth to be sustained

Question 30

Downfall of Netherlands

Answer 30

In the New World, Dutch had already lost most of their colonies and France and England competed with each other and with Spain for colonial domination.

Question 31

War of Austrian Succession

Answer 31

Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, one of the richest Habsburg provinces. His army defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1741 and overran Silesia.

Question 32

global trade - pros and cons

Answer 32

Doubled European prices and stimulated economic activity, which in turn gave the wealthy more money to spend on new ideas. The development of market economy and globalization allowed for innovation.

Question 33

Australia

Answer 33

Eastern Australia was known from the explorations of James Cook in 1770 to have a temperate climate, and it was chosen as the new destination for English convicts in 1786.