AP Euro Ch.17/18 Test Flashcards
enclosure
the movement to fence in the fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasant who relied on common fields for farming and pasture
proletarianization
the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farms into landless rural wage earners
cottage industry
a stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market
putting-out system pros and cons
the 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant
-merchant controlled the entire process, avoided guild regulations, paid low wages, and thus was able to produce textile and household goods inexpensively.
-Relations between merchant capitalists and rural laborers were strained.
industrious revolution
the shift that occurred as families in Northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption, this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods
guild system
the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers
economic liberalism
a belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor
navigation acts
a series of english laws that controlled the import of goods to britain and british colonies
treaty of paris
the treaty that ended the seven years’ war in europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified british victory on all colonial fronts
debt peonage
a form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money
atlantic slave trade
the forced migration of africans across the atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18th century and ultimately involved more than 12 million africans
community controls
A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community
charivari
Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards
illegitimacy explosion
The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls
wet-nursing
A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women’s babies
Blood sports
Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the eighteenth-century European masses.
carnival
The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order.
just price
The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary
consumer revolution
The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of Northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century.
pietism
A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion. the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.
methodists
Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion.
jansenism
A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist; leading proponent of laissez-faire capitalism
-discovered the law of supply and demand
-criticized mercantilism
mercantalism
a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver
Jethro Tull
Agricultural innovator; inventor of seed drill
Agricultural Revolution Pros
-Led to a huge increase in the amount and variety of foodstuffs
-Increased agricultural yield by using new methods to revitalize the soil.
-Crop rotation was used to restore fertility led to new foods for humans and animals
-The growth of productivity led to an increase of the number of cattle and sheep
-Technological Advancements in farming
-Gave peasants more income
-Reinforced traditions
-Landlords and capitalists could control land and follow economic liberalism which allowed them to maximize profits
Agricultural Revolution cons
-Kept peasants in poverty their whole life as enclosure was implemented giving them less land to work on
-Peasants can’t take advance in life and break out of hereditary service
-mercantilism, promoted free trade but less people to sell goods to since they can’t afford it
Edward Jenner
discovered the principles of inoculation and performed first smallpox inoculation in England
Education
- In Catholic areas, the education of the children of the elite was managed by the Jesuits, and for the poor, by parish schools.
- Education in Prussia was at mandatory state schools; in Scotland education was under the Presbyterians, and in England in religious-based “charity schools.”
- This resulted in a surge in literacy and growth in the reading public
Creoles
A person of mixed European and Black descent
Population trends
-The population in 1750 was 5.6 million.
-Each time, the appropriate agricultural infrastructure was not present, the population fell.
-However, by 1750, when the population reached this level again, an onset in agricultural technology allowed population growth to be sustained
Downfall of Netherlands
In the New World, Dutch had already lost most of their colonies and France and England competed with each other and with Spain for colonial domination.
War of Austrian Succession
Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, one of the richest Habsburg provinces. His army defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1741 and overran Silesia.
global trade - pros and cons
Doubled European prices and stimulated economic activity, which in turn gave the wealthy more money to spend on new ideas. The development of market economy and globalization allowed for innovation.
Australia
Eastern Australia was known from the explorations of James Cook in 1770 to have a temperate climate, and it was chosen as the new destination for English convicts in 1786.
