AP Euro Ch.12 ID List Flashcards
Vocabulary
Renaissance
A French word meaning “rebirth,” used to describe the rebirth of the culture of classical
Patronage
through which cities, groups, and individuals commissioned writers and artists to produce specific works.
Communes
sworn associations of free men who, like other town residents, began in the twelfth century to seek political and economic independence from local nobles
Popolo
The common people
Condottieri
Merchant oligarchies reasserted their power and sometimes brought in powerful military leaders to establish order. These military leaders,
Signori
Many cities in Italy became signori , in which one man — whether , merchant, or noble — ruled and handed down the right to rule to his son.
The five Italian powers (list them)
Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples
The Sforza
the Sforza (SFORT-sah) family ruled harshly and dominated Milan and several smaller cities in the north from 1447 to 1535.
Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503)
the most ruthless; aided militarily and politically by his illegitimate son Cesare Borgia, he reasserted papal authority in the papal lands.
The Medici
Ruled Florence and produced three popes.
Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1496)
preached to large crowds in Florence a number of fiery sermons predicting that God would punish Italy for its moral vice and corrupt leadership
Francisco Petrarch (1304-1374)
poet and scholar. spent long hours searching for classical Latin manuscripts in dusty monastery libraries and wandering around the many ruins of the Roman Empire remaining in Italy. He became obsessed with the classical past and felt that the writers and artists of ancient Rome had reached a level of perfection in their work that had not since been duplicated.
Humanism
Usually translated as “liberal studies” or the “liberal arts.” People who advocated it were known as humanists and their program as humanism.
Individualism
The emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person
Secularism
a belief system that rejects religion, or no religion involved. (Art style)
On the Dignity of Man
Pico, the brilliant son of an Italian count and protégé of Lorenzo de’ Medici, wrote an impassioned summary of human capacities for learning
The Courtier
Ideal courtiers should preferably serve an ideal ruler, and biographies written by humanists often described rulers who were just, wise, pious, dignified, learned, brave, kind, and distinguished.
Virtú
A word that had not the conventional meaning of virtue as moral goodness, but instead the ability to shape the world around according to one’s will.
Machiavelli (1469-1527)
The most famous (or infamous) civic humanist, and ultimately the best-known political theorist of this era, was Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527).
Christian Humanism
These Christian humanists, as they were later called, thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined
“New” monarchs (list and define)
Monarchs who bridged the gap between medieval times and Absolutism (1550-1725)
France - Consolidation of power
Spain - Unification of marriage
England - Stability under the tutors (Henry VII)
(Refer to sources document)
Utopia 1516
A word More invented from the Greek words for “nowhere.” Utopia describes a community on an island somewhere beyond Europe where all children receive a good education, primarily in the Greco-Roman classics, and adults divide their days between manual labor or business pursuits and intellectual activities.
Erasmus (1466-1536)
Dutch humanist of Rotterdam.l His fame rested on both scholarly editions and translations and popular works.
