AP ENGLISH Flashcards
Exigence
Event that prompts rhetorical discourse and begins the “cycle” of rhetorical discourse about a particular issue.
Claim
a state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof, Assertion: a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief, Position: a place where something is located or put, Thesis: a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved
Evidence, Data
The information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author’s position, Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculati
Ethos
An appeal to the speaker’s status, or authority, makes the audience more likely to trust them.
Logos
An appeal to the audience’s reason and building up logical arguments
Pathos
An appeal to the audience’s emotions
Qualifiers, Reservations
A word or phrase used to attribute a quality to another word.
Genre
A type or category of literary composition
Voice
The rhetorical mixture of vocabulary, tone, point of view, and syntax that makes phrases, sentences, and paragraphs flow in a particular manner
Point of view
The perspective from which an author tells a story.
Stance
The opinions that somebody has about something and expresses publicly
Diction
The linguistic choices a writer makes to effectively convey an idea, a pov or tell a story.
Syntax
the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences
Irony
when a person/character says or does something that departs from what is expected to be done or said
Allusion
an implied or indirect reference to a person, event, or thing or to a part of another text
Analogy
comparison between two things that aren’t usually compared
Implication
-Something implied or suggested as naturally to be inferred or understood.
Subject
the topic under discussion or study; the overall general focus
Occasion
time and place of writing
Audience
Spectators of the speech and/or who the author is writing to
Purpose
the reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists
Speaker
The persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message
Tropes
An artful deviation from the ordinary or principal signification of a word.
Metaphor
A phrase that is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
Extended metaphor
A version of a metaphor that extends over the course of multiple lines, paragraphs, or stanzas of prose or poetry
Simile
A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words “like” or “as”
Personification
Figuratively describing an object with human traits or characteristics to craft an image in the reader’s mind.
Hyperbole
Language that is obviously exaggerated and not meant to be taken literally.
Metonymy
A way of replacing an object/ idea with something related to it instead of stating what is actually meant.
Synecdoche
a figure of speech in which a part represents the whole
Parallelism
a literary device in which parts of the sentence are grammatically the same or are similar in construction
Antithesis
a rhetorical and literary device with parallel grammar structure but which establishes a nearly complete or exact opposition in ideas/characters
Juxtaposition
the fact of two things being seen next to each other with contrasting effect.
Anaphora
The repetition of words or phrases in a group of sentences, clauses, or poetic lines.
Periodic sentence
the main point (independent clause) occurs at the end of the sentence, after one or more side points (dependent clauses) lead up to the main point. Each of the following periodic sentences includes several dependent clauses leading to the independent clause at the end.
Cumulative or loose sentence
Loose sentences have a structure that is the opposite of periodic sentences. In loose sentences, the independent clause is at the beginning, followed by one or more dependent clauses.
Inverted sentence
An inverted sentence switches the placement of the verb before the subject of a sentence as if in a question
Coordination
means combining two sentences or ideas that are of equal value
Subordination
means combining two sentences or ideas in a way that makes one more important than the other.
