AP English

Question 1

Active Voice

Answer 1

1. The active voice asserts that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject performs the action represented by the verb
2. The dog chases the ball
3. In a sentence written in the passive voice, the subject receives the action.

Question 2

Allusion

Answer 2

1. An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.
2. Chocolate is his Kryptonite
3. The literary device is used to enhance the text, often by making it more relatable to the reader or by illustrating either an example or the text’s overarching theme.

Question 3

Anecdote

Answer 3

1. A short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.
2. If a group of coworkers are discussing pets, and one coworker tells a story about how her cat comes downstairs at only a certain time of the night, then that one coworker has just told an anecdote.
3. Anecdotes often provide insight into how an issue has affected someone’s life

Question 4

Antecedent

Answer 4

1. A thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.
2. Noun “John” is the antecedent of the pronoun “him” in “Mary saw John and thanked him.” what are the antecedents of the American Revolutionary War?
   3 .Antecedent is a very important and useful literary device, as it makes the sense of a sentence clear to the readers.

Question 5

Diction

Answer 5

1. The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.
2. Different communication styles are necessary at different times. We would not address a stranger in the same way as a good friend, and we would not address a boss in that same way as a child
3. Connotative diction can be used by an author to evoke specific emotions in his/her audience.

Question 6

Colloquial

Answer 6

1. (Of language) used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary.
2. as an identifier. Some examples of informal colloquialisms can include words (such as “y’all” or “gonna” or “wanna”), phrases (such as “old as the hills” and “graveyard dead”), or sometimes even an entire aphorism (“There’s more than one way to skin a cat” and “He needs to step up to the plate.”)
3. Colloquial language is used in informal writing situations and creates a conversational tone. Everyday spoken language gives your writing a casual, relaxed effect. Colloquial language is not necessarily “wrong,” but it is used when a writer is trying to achieve informality.

Question 7

Connotation

Answer 7

1. An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
2. Examples ; interested. curious. nosy ; employ. use. exploit ; thrifty. saving. stingy ; steadfast. tenacious. stubborn ; sated. filled. crammed.
3. Understanding the connotations of words can enhance description, meaning, and tone. Neglecting a word’s connotations can put your word choice in conflict with your intentions.

Question 8

Denotation

Answer 8

1. The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.
2. The boy was pushy.
3. Denotation is used when an author wants the reader to understand a word, phrase, or sentence in its literal form, without other implied, associated, or suggested meanings.

Question 9

Jargon

Answer 9

1. Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
2. Some examples of jargon include: Due diligence: A business term, “due diligence” refers to the research that should be done before making an important business decision.
3. Jargon words are meant to enhance communication by simplifying a particular concept. This works when everyone involved in the conversation is aware of the word’s meaning. To someone who isn’t clued in, however, it can be seen as technical snobbery.

Question 10

Vernacular

Answer 10

1. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.
   2 .Where an everyday speaker might simply say house cat, a scientist would say Felis Domesticus.
2. In literature, the use of vernacular helps show settings and characters. It also helps the reader feel close to and relate to the characters, drawing them into the story.

Question 11

Didactic

Answer 11

1. Intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.
2. Every textbook and “how-to” book is an example of didacticism, as their explicit purpose is to instruct and educate. Books written for children also often have a didactic intent, as they are often created to teach children about moral values.
3. A didactic text is one that teaches and instructs, and originally, the idea was that learning should be done in an intriguing manner. Over time, the term didactic has taken on a negative connotation, as a text that seeks to instruct or teach is sometimes seen as dull or “preachy.”

Question 12

Adage

Answer 12

1. A proverb or short statement expressing a general truth.
2. “Things are not always what they seem.” - “Bee-Keeper and the Bees” “Appearances often are deceiving.” - “The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing” “Familiarity breeds contempt.” - “The Fox and the Lion” “Slow and steady wins the race.” - “The Tortoise and the Hare”
3. Why Writers Use Adages. Writers tend to use adages to communicate a particular message to readers. Since adages can be understood by a wide audience, they are an effective tool for this. These sayings are also easy to memorize and can simply sum up the central idea of a story or text.

Question 13

Allegory

Answer 13

1. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
2. In Animal Farm, the pigs are an allegory for the Bolsheviks and the main farm animals represent prominent figures of the Russian Revolution. The boar, Napoleon, represents Joseph Stalin, Old Major is a mix of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, and Snowball is Leon Trotsky
3. Allegory is a literary device used to express large, complex ideas in an approachable manner.

Question 14

Aphorism

Answer 14

1. A pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”.
2. Aphorisms are often used to teach a lesson while speaking in plain terms. For example, “A bad penny always turns up” is an aphorism for the fact that bad people or things are bound to turn up in life. We just have to deal with them when they do.
3. Through aphorisms, writers and speakers can teach universal truths to audiences, allowing them to relate to the world around them and the words of the writer. Aphorisms are often used in motivational speeches for increased understanding and relatability of the audience.

Question 15

Ellipsis

Answer 15

1. The omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues.
2. John saw two hawks in the sky, and Bill saw three. This is an example of a noun phrase ellipsis because “hawks” is omitted from the noun phrase “three hawks.” Notice that when a noun phrase ellipsis is used, the word or words that are omitted from one clause appear in the other clause.
3. The ellipsis is displayed inside the content area, decreasing the amount of text displayed. If there is not enough space to display the ellipsis, it is clipped. The to be used to represent clipped text. The string is displayed inside the content area, shortening the size of the displayed text

Question 16

Euphemism

Answer 16

1. A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
2. “Passed away” instead of “died” “Let go” instead of “fired” “Make love” instead of “sex” “Put down” instead of “euthanized”
3. Euphemism refers to figurative language designed to replace phrasing that would otherwise be considered harsh, impolite, or unpleasant. This literary device allows for someone to say what they mean indirectly, without using literal language, as a way of softening the impact of what is being said.

Question 17

Foreshadowing

Answer 17

1. Be a warning or indication of (a future event).
2. A character’s thoughts can foreshadow. For example, “I told myself this is the end of my trouble, but I didn’t believe myself.” Narration can foreshadow by telling you something is going to happen. Details are often left out, but the suspense is created to keep readers interested.
3. Foreshadowing is a literary device used to give an indication or hint of what is to come later in the story. Foreshadowing is useful for creating suspense, a feeling of unease, a sense of curiosity, or a mark that things may not be as they seem. In the definition of foreshadowing, the word “hint” is key.

Question 18

Imagery

Answer 18

1. Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind. Usually this involves the five senses.
   Authors often use imagery in conjunction with metaphors, similes, or figures of speech.
2. For example, in a western movie, the good guy enters a bar, has a drink and leaves. The bad guy scowls and spits on the floor and you know there is definitely more to come between them. Heightened concern is also used to foreshadow events. A child leaves the house and the parent is overly concerned about them.
3. Foreshadowing is a literary device used to give an indication or hint of what is to come later in the story. Foreshadowing is useful for creating suspense, a feeling of unease, a sense of curiosity, or a mark that things may not be as they seem. In the definition of foreshadowing, the word “hint” is key.

Question 19

Invective

Answer 19

1. Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.
2. Invective is harsh, abusive language, like “you dirty rotten scoundrel.” I’m sure you can think of harsher and more obscene examples, but we won’t get into them here. Invective comes from the Latin for “abusive.” It kind of sounds like a harsh word, actually, with those sharp, dagger-like V’s.
3. To this day, insulting language is used in the same way, often by political comedians and satirists. Invective is an important literary device in that the insult can arouse negative emotion in the audience as well as the target of the insult.

Question 20

Irony

Answer 20

1. The expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
2. Telling a quiet group, “don’t speak all at once”
3. Verbal irony occurs when a speaker intentionally says one thing while meaning the opposite. Authors of factual text will use this when speaking directly to the reader in order to emphasize a point. Finally, situational irony is when the opposite of what is expected to happen occurs

Question 21

Verbal Irony

Answer 21

1. The definition of verbal irony is a statement in which the speaker’s words are incongruous with the speaker’s intent. The speaker says one thing, but they really mean another, resulting in an ironic clash between their intended meaning and their literal words.
2. Verbal irony occurs when a speaker’s intention is the opposite of what he or she is saying. For example, a character stepping out into a hurricane and saying, “What nice weather we’re having!”
3. Verbal irony is used in a variety of circumstances. We may stumble upon it in general conversation, the media and in literature. Verbal irony often brings levity to a situation, exposes double entendres or pokes fun at a situation.

Question 22

Dramatic Irony

Answer 22

1. The expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
2. If you’re watching a movie about the Titanic and a character leaning on the balcony right before the ship hits the iceberg says, “It’s so beautiful I could just die,” that’s an example of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something that the characters don’t.
3. Writers use dramatic irony as a tool to create and sustain the audience’s interest. It generates curiosity. It also creates tension in that the audience is encouraged to fear the moment when characters learn the truth that the viewer already knows and how he or she will deal with it.

Question 23

Situational Irony

Answer 23

1. Situational irony is the irony of something happening that is very different to what was expected. Some everyday examples of situational irony are a fire station burning down, or someone posting on Twitter that social media is a waste of time.
2. A fire station burns down.
3. One purpose of situational irony is to let readers distinguish between expectation and reality. This can help make the story, character, or theme more relatable to readers, because real life does not always unfold as expected.

Question 24

Juxtaposition

Answer 24

1. The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.
2. What’s good for the goose is good for the gander.
3. Why Do Writers Use Juxtaposition? When a writer juxtaposes two elements, they invite the reader to compare, contrast, and consider the relationship between those elements more closely

Question 25

Mood

Answer 25

1. A temporary state of mind or feeling.
2. Cheerful
3. Experimentally induced moods lead readers to process an expository text differently. Overall, students in a positive mood spent significantly longer on the text processing than students in the negative and neutral moods.

Question 26

Oxymoron

Answer 26

1. A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g. faith unfaithful kept him falsely true ).
2. “Small crowd”
   “Old news”
   “Open secret”
3. The use of oxymorons add playfulness to writing. Oxymorons like “seriously funny,” “original copy,” “plastic glasses,” and “clearly confused” juxtapose opposing words next to one another, but their ability to make sense despite their opposing forces adds wit to writing. 3. Reveal a deeper meaning.

Question 27

Pacing

Answer 27

1. The speed or tempo of an author’s writing.
2. For example, a story might start out quickly with a hook to draw the reader in and then slow down to provide details during the rising action.
3. Pacing affects the mood of your story, helps develop ideas and themes, and allows your readers to connect to the characters and the events that surround them. While it might be easy to think that a fast pace will be most effective, the truth is that it depends on the story you’re telling

Question 28

Paradox

Answer 28

1. A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.
2. less is more.
   do the thing you think you cannot do.
   you’re damned if you do and damned if you don’t.
   3.In literature, paradoxes can elicit humor, illustrate themes, and provoke readers to think critically.

Question 29

Parallelism

Answer 29

1. The state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way.
2. My dog not only likes to play fetch, but also chase cars. Parallel: My dog not only likes to play fetch, but he also likes to chase cars. My dog likes not only to play fetch, but also to chase cars. When you connect two clauses or phrases with a word of comparison, such as than or as, use parallel structure.
3. Parallelism uses similar words, phrases, or clauses to show that ideas have the same level of importance. This structure improves readability by giving a natural flow to a written work.

Question 30

Anaphora

Answer 30

1. The use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition, such as do in I like it and so do they.
   2.“Go big or go home.”
   “Be bold. Be brief. Be gone.”
   “Get busy living or get busy dying.”
   3.“Go big or go home.”
   “Be bold. Be brief. …
   “Get busy living or get busy dying.”

Question 31

Chiasmus

Answer 31

1. A rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form; e.g. ‘Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.’.
2. “Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.” -John F. Kennedy. “We shape our buildings, and afterward our buildings shape us.” -Winston Churchill. “We were elected to change Washington, and we let Washington change us.
3. A chiasmus is a rhetorical device used to create a stylized writing effect, in which the second part of a sentence is a mirror image of the first.

Question 32

Antithesis

Answer 32

1. A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else.
2. These are examples of antithesis: “Man proposes, God disposes.” - Source unknown. “Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.” - Goethe. “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
3. The effect of antithesis can be powerful. When used correctly, antithesis highlights the stark difference between opposing ideas by placing them side-by-side in exactly the same structure. When used in the context of an argument, the way these ideas are placed side-by-side can make it obvious which idea is better

Question 33

Zuegma

Answer 33

1. A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g., John and his license expired last week ) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g., with weeping eyes and hearts ).
2. A zeugma is a literary term for using one word to modify two other words, in two different ways. An example of a zeugma is, “She broke his car and his heart.” When you use one word to link two thoughts, you’re using a zeugma.
3. A zeugma is a literary term for using one word to modify two other words, in two different ways. An example of a zeugma is, “She broke his car and his heart.” When you use one word to link two thoughts, you’re using a zeugma.

Question 34

Parenthetical Idea

Answer 34

1. A parenthetical statement is one that explains or qualifies something. You can call such a statement a parenthetical, (especially when it’s in parentheses).
2. Have you ever said something like “I’m hungry!” and then added “…but I only want French fries”?
3. A parenthetical element is a word or group of words that interrupts the flow of a sentence and adds additional (but nonessential) information to that sentence.

Question 35

Persona

Answer 35

1. A persona, depending on the context, is the public image of one’s personality, the social role that one adopts, or simply a fictional character.
2. For example, a child going to a new school for the first time wants others to think that he is popular, cool, and unafraid. He dresses in fashionable clothing, and he walks in with confidence and says hello to everyone. He is presenting a brave persona of a likable and popular kid.
3. A writer’s persona communicates to their audience who they are. It’s not only a chance to give writing a little personality, it is also an opportunity for writers to connect to readers by allowing them to imagine the person who wrote the text they’re now reading (or the character narrating that text).

Question 36

Polysyndeton

Answer 36

1. Repetition of conjunctions in close succession (as in we have ships and men and money)
2. A great example of polysyndeton is the postal creed: ‘Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers. ‘ The use of nor isn’t technically necessary in the statement. However, the polysyndeton effect gives each different item in the statement the same weight and adds gravity.
3. Polysyndeton’s quick succession of words or phrases creates a powerful rhetorical effect in writing. As one thought finishes, the next one is right behind, which can purposely overwhelm the reader. If a character is speaking excitedly or anxiously, polysyndeton can convey that feeling

Question 37

Pun

Answer 37

1. A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings.
2. A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.
3. Pun is referred as a play on words where a humorous effect is available, along with more than one meaning.

Question 38

Rhetoric

Answer 38

1. The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.
2. Politicians deliver rallying cries to inspire people to act. Advertisers create catchy slogans to get people to buy products. Lawyers present emotional arguments to sway a jury. These are all examples of rhetoric—language designed to motivate, persuade, or inform.
3. Rhetorical Effect: The speaker can reiterate important points in a different way. Many authors use it to draw in the reader, get the reader thinking, and persuade him/her to look at a different perspective or to clarify and stress key points.

Question 39

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

Answer 39

1. Aristotle taught that a speaker’s ability to persuade an audience is based on how well the speaker appeals to that audience in three different areas: logos, ethos, and pathos. Considered together, these appeals form what later rhetoricians have called the rhetorical triangle.
2. Examples of the rhetorical triangle are ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos appeals to credibility, pathos appeals to emotion, and logos appeals to reason
3. Aristotle taught that a speaker’s ability to persuade an audience is based on how well the speaker appeals to that audience in three different areas: logos, ethos, and pathos. Considered together, these appeals form what later rhetoricians have called the rhetorical triangle. Logos appeals to reason.

Question 40

Rhetorical Question

Answer 40

1. A question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.
2. A rhetorical question is a question (such as “How could I be so stupid?”) that’s asked merely for effect with no answer expected. The answer may be obvious or immediately provided by the questioner.3
3. A rhetorical question is a device used to persuade or subtly influence the audience. It’s a question asked not for the answer, but for the effect. Oftentimes, a rhetorical question is used to emphasize a point or just to get the audience thinking.

Question 41

Sarcasm

Answer 41

1. The use of irony to mock or convey contempt.
2. Sarcasm is a literary device that uses irony to mock someone or something or convey contempt. Sarcasm can also be defined as the use of words that mean the opposite of what the speaker or writer intends, especially to insult or show irritation with someone, or to amuse others
3. Sarcasm refers to the use of words that mean the opposite of what you really want to say, especially in order to insult someone, or to show irritation, or just to be funny. For example, saying “they’re really on top of things” to describe a group of people who are very disorganized is using sarcasm

Question 42

Satire

Answer 42

1. The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
2. Political cartoons–satirize political events and/or politicians. The Onion–American digital media and newspaper company that satirizes everyday news on an international, national, and local level. Family Guy–animated series that satirizes American middle-class society and conventions.
3. Satire also has the ability to protect its creator from culpability for criticism, because it is implied rather than overtly stated; in this way, it becomes a powerful tool for dissenters in difficult or oppressive political and social periods

Question 43

Sentence

Answer 43

1. A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
2. A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought. Examples of simple sentences include the following: Joe waited for the train. The train was late.
3. Periodic sentences leave the reader in suspense until the end of the text; declarative sentences avoid any special emotional impact; exclamatory sentences, used sparingly, jolt the reader; interrogative sentences force the reader to think about what you have written; and.

Question 44

Appositive

Answer 44

1. Relating to apposition; appositional.
2. An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that renames the noun next to it. It serves the purpose of adding information about another noun. For example, consider the phrase “The boy raced ahead to the finish line.”
3. An appositive is a noun that immediately follows and renames another noun in order to clarify or classify it. Appositives are used to reduce wordiness, add detail, and add syntactic variety to a sentence. For example, you can combine two simple sentences to create one sentence that contains an appositive.

Question 45

Clause

Answer 45

1. A unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.
2. A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself. For example: He was eating a bacon sandwich.
3. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a relationship. This relationship is crucial; a clause conveys information about what that subject is or is doing, rather than simply being a random grouping of words.

Question 46

Balanced sentence

Answer 46

1. A balanced sentence is a sentence made up of two parts that are roughly equal in length, importance, and grammatical structure
2. As in the advertising slogan for KFC: “Buy a bucket of chicken and have a barrel of fun.
3. A balanced sentence gives rhythmical flow to the text. It draws attention of the readers to the sentence and makes it stand out among the rest. Writers use balanced sentences to emphasize particular ideas to make meanings clear, as well as to create pleasing rhythms

Question 47

Compound sentence

Answer 47

1. A sentence with more than one subject or predicate.
2. I like coffee. Mary likes tea. → I like coffee, and Mary likes tea.
   Mary went to work. John went to the party. I went home. → Mary went to work, but John went to the party, and I went home.
   Our car broke down. We came last. → Our car broke down; we came last.
3. They’re best for combining two or more self-sufficient and related sentences into a single, unified one. Compound sentences give your writing a faster pace and unite related ideas together, but they have a few more extra rules than standard sentences

Question 48

Complex sentence

Answer 48

1. A sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses.
2. A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause with one or more subordinate clauses. We use complex sentences when we want to provide more information to support our point. For example, ‘Salihah didn’t get a treat after dinner, because she didn’t do her homework on time’.
3. The complex sentence is an effective way to show that one idea takes precedence over another. The idea in the complete sentence base is more important than the idea in the dependent phrase.

Question 49

Cumulative sentence

Answer 49

1. A loose sentence is a type of sentence in which the main idea is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases
2. A loose or cumulative sentence is one in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent clauses and phrases; therefore, a loose sentence makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending: e.g., “We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting .
3. A cumulative sentence (also sometimes called a loose sentence) is an independent clause followed by one or more modifiers. Essentially, you use words, phrases, and clauses to expand on or refine the main idea of the sentence. The effect can be natural as it parallels what often happens in speech.

Question 50

Periodic sentence

Answer 50

1. Periodic sentences—A sentence not grammatically complete before the end; the opposite of a loose sentence. The idea is to throw the mind forward to the idea which will complete the meaning. This sentence arouses interest and curiosity, holds an idea in suspense before its final revelation is made.
2. : a usually complex sentence that has no subordinate or trailing elements following its principal clause (as in “yesterday while I was walking down the street, I saw him”)
3. A periodic sentence often produces a dramatic tension and suspense to the main point at the end of the sentence. The dependent clauses that come before the independent clause serve to stress the importance of the key idea. A loose sentence, in contrast, creates the effect of immediacy and naturalness.

Question 51

Simple sentence

Answer 51

1. A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.
2. Emma is writing a letter.
   We wake up early in the morning.
   My brother speaks loudly.
3. The simple sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. It serves as a simple statement. It functions as a means of communication, by adding information to the existing knowledge of both the speaker and the listener. Sometimes, writers and speakers use it as a wise saying or a proverb.

Question 52

Declarative sentence

Answer 52

1. Declarative sentences are simply statements that relay information. They are the most common type of sentences in the English language.
2. love my dog.
   My new car is black.
   George brushes her teeth twice a day.
   She doesn’t study German on Saturday.
3. In English grammar, a declarative sentence is a sentence that makes a statement, provides a fact, offers an explanation, or conveys information. These types of sentences are also known as declarative statements. A declarative sentence is the most common type of sentence in the English language.

Question 53

Imperative sentence

Answer 53

1. An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a direct command, request, invitations, warning, or instruction. Imperative sentences do not have a subject; instead, a directive is given to an implied second person
2. Preheat the oven. (Instruction)
   Use oil in the pan. (Instruction)
   Don’t eat all the cookies. …
   3.What is an imperative sentence? An imperative sentence is a sentence that gives the reader an instruction, makes a request, or issues a command

Question 54

Interrogative sentence

Answer 54

1. An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question. Interrogative sentences can be direct or indirect, begin with or without pronouns, and feature yes/no interrogatives, alternative questions, or tag questions. Interrogative sentences often start with interrogative pronouns and end with a question mark
2. When will you visit your moms?
   Where do you live?
   Why haven’t you started studying?
3. The basic function (job) of an interrogative sentence is to ask a direct question. It asks us something or requests information (as opposed to a statement which tells us something or gives information). Interrogative sentences require an answer.

Question 55

Style

Answer 55

1. A manner of doing something.
2. What is an example of style? Rather than merely sharing information, style lets an author share his content in the way that he wants. For example, say an author needs to describe a situation where he witnessed a girl picking a flower: She picked a red rose from the ground. Scarlet was the rose that she plucked from the earth.
3. In conclusion, style is has a central role in every piece of literature, from prose to poetry. It gives both the author and his text a voice, allowing works of all genres and topics to be shared and expressed in ways that are memorable, intriguing, and different.

Question 56

Symbol

Answer 56

1. A mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or process, e.g. the letter or letters standing for a chemical element or a character in musical notation.
2. Rainbow–symbolizes hope and promise. red rose–symbolizes love and romance. four-leaf clover–symbolizes good luck or fortune. wedding ring–symbolizes commitment and matrimony.
3. A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different concepts and experiences.

Question 57

Syntax/sentence variety

Answer 57

1. In a composition, sentence variety refers to the practice of varying the length and structure of sentences to avoid monotony and provide appropriate emphasis.
2. Simple sentences: The boy wanted to go outside. He had to eat his pizza first. Compound: The boy wanted to go outside but he had to eat his pizza first. Complex: Although the boy wanted to go outside, he had to eat his pizza first.
3. Adding sentence variety to prose can give it life and rhythm. Too many sentences with the same structure and length can grow monotonous for readers. Varying sentence style and structure can also reduce repetition and add emphasis.

Question 58

Theme

Answer 58

1. The subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person’s thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.
2. Compassion.
   Courage.
   Death and dying.
3. The main subject that is being discussed or described in a piece of writing, a movie, etc. The quest for power is the underlying theme of the film. A constant theme in his novels is religion. The playwright skillfully brings together various themes.

Question 59

Thesis

Answer 59

1. A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.
2. Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are the best type of sandwich because they are versatile, easy to make, and taste good
3. In general, a thesis statement expresses the purpose or main point of your essay. Additionally, the thesis may include the significance of or your opinion on this topic. It is your commitment to the reader about the content, purpose, and organization of your paper.

Question 60

Tone

Answer 60

1. A musical or vocal sound with reference to its pitch, quality, and strength.
2. It can be joyful, serious, humorous, sad, threatening, formal, informal, pessimistic, or optimistic. Your tone in writing will be reflective of your mood as you are writing.
3. What Is The Purpose Of Tone? Tone helps you better relate to your audience’s emotions, needs, wants, and interests. The better you can relate to them, the stronger their engagement with your content will be.

Question 61

Understatement

Answer 61

1. The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.
2. You are out to dinner with a friend who spills food down the front of her white shirt. A polite understatement would be: “Really, it’s hardly noticeable.” You get the highest grade in the class. A modest understatement would be: “I did OK on that test.”
3. An understatement is a transitive verb used by writers or speakers in order to intentionally make a situation seem less important or smaller than it is. Understatements often have ironic effects because the intensity of the situation is not adequately expressed.

Question 62

Litotes

Answer 62

1. Ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (e.g., you won’t be sorry, meaning you’ll be glad ).
2. It’s not rocket science. …
   He’s no spring chicken. …
   It’s not my first rodeo. …
3. Litotes are a way to actually emphasize the positive by using a double negative. Litotes causes the listener to think and consider the statement. Litotes are also a way to skirt an issue or to try to save face.

Question 63

Argument

Answer 63

1. An exchange of diverging or opposite views, typically a heated or angry one.
2. For example, the subject of an argument might be, “The internet is a good invention.” Then, we support this contention with logical reasons, such as “It is a source of endless information,” and “It is a hub of entertainment,” and so on.
3. An argument has two purposes: change people’s points of view or persuade them to accept new points of view. persuade people to a particular action or new behavior.

Question 64

Premises

Answer 64

1. A house or building, together with its land and outbuildings, occupied by a business or considered in an official context.
2. In logical argument, a premise is a statement or assumption on which an argument is based. For example, if a person looks at a green apple and says, “this apple is sour,” the premises of this argument could be: 1) Green apples are sour.
3. For the purposes of our writing, here’s a definition of a premise for writers: A single sentence summary of the central plot or argument of a story, book, or other writing piece. In the screenwriting world, this is called a log line, and the purpose is to take your whole idea and summarize it down to a single sentence.

Question 65

Aristotle’s appeals

Answer 65

1. Aristotle taught that a speaker’s ability to persuade an audience is based on how well the speaker appeals to that audience in three different areas: logos, ethos, and pathos. Considered together, these appeals form what later rhetoricians have called the rhetorical triangle.
2. Among them are appealing to logos, ethos, and pathos. These appeals are identifiable in almost all arguments. Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.) The author appeals to logos by defining relevant terms and then supports his claim with numerous citations from authorities.
3. These appeals are identifiable in almost all arguments. Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.)

Question 66

Ethos (credibility)

Answer 66

1. In rhetoric and rhetorical studies, ethos represents credibility, or an ethical appeal, which involves persuasion by the character involved. The term has its roots in Aristotle’s “ingredients of persuasion,” or “appeals.” He divides means of persuasion into three distinct categories: ethos, pathos, and logos.
2. Ethos in your speech or writing comes from sounding fair or demonstrating your expertise, education or pedigree. Examples of ethos include: As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results.
3. Appealing to ethos is all about using credibility, either your own as a writer or of your sources, in order to be persuasive. Essentially, ethos is about believability. Will your audience find you believable?

Question 67

Pathos (emotional)

Answer 67

1. Pathos, or the appeal to emotion, means to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel. Authors make deliberate word choices, use meaningful language, and use examples and stories that evoke emotion.
2. Pathos examples in everyday life include: A teenager tries to convince his parents to buy him a new car by saying if they cared about their child’s safety they’d upgrade him. A man at the car dealership implores the salesman to offer the best price on a new car because he needs to support his young family.
3. Pathos, or the appeal to emotion, means to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel. Authors make deliberate word choices, use meaningful language, and use examples and stories that evoke emotion.

Question 68

Logos (logical)

Answer 68

1. Logos, or the appeal to logic, means to appeal to the audiences’ sense of reason or logic. To use logos, the author makes clear, logical connections between ideas, and includes the use of facts and statistics.
2. Well, when logos is used in an argument, that means you are using facts, like data or statistics, or common sense to make your argument known. For example: Echo is a dog. All dogs wag their tag.
3. Logos is an argument that appeals to an audience’s sense of logic or reason. For example, when a speaker cites scientific data, methodically walks through the line of reasoning behind their argument, or precisely recounts historical events relevant to their argument, he or she is using logos.

Question 69

Concession

Answer 69

1. A thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; a thing conceded.
2. This makes the overall argument stronger. Examples of Concession: A teenager arguing to her parents that she needs a cell phone makes the following concession: I know that you think I will just use the phone to text during class and call friends instead of doing homework.
3. Concession is a literary device used in argumentative writing, where one acknowledges a point made by one’s opponent. It allows for different opinions and approaches toward an issue, indicating an understanding of what causes the actual debate or controversy.

Question 70

Conditional Statement

Answer 70

1. A conditional statement is a statement that can be written in the form “If P then Q,” where P and Q are sentences. For this conditional statement, P is called the hypothesis and Q is called the conclusion. Intuitively, “If P then Q” means that Q must be true whenever P is true.
2. Example: We have a conditional statement If it is raining, we will not play. Let, A: It is raining and B: we will not play. Then; If A is true, that is, it is raining and B is false, that is, we played, then the statement A implies B is false.
3. Conditional statements are used through the various programming languages to instruct the computer on the decision to make when given some conditions. These decisions are made if and only if the pre-stated conditions are either true or false , depending on the functions the programmer has in mind.

Question 71

Contradiction

Answer 71

1. A combination of statements, ideas, or features of a situation that are opposed to one another.
2. A contradiction is a situation or ideas in opposition to one another. Declaring publicly that you are an environmentalist but never remembering to take out the recycling is an example of a contradiction. A “contradiction in terms” is a common phrase used to describe a statement that contains opposing ideas.
3. In traditional logic, a contradiction occurs when a proposition conflicts either with itself or established fact. It is often used as a tool to detect disingenuous beliefs and bias.

Question 72

Counterexample

Answer 72

1. An example that opposes or contradicts an idea or theory.
2. An example that disproves a statement (shows that it is false). Example: the statement “all dogs are hairy” can be proved false by finding just one hairless dog (the counterexample) like below.
3. Counterexamples are used to prove that a statement is invalid. Identify the hypothesis and the conclusion in the given statement. The counterexample must be true for the hypothesis but false for the conclusion.

Question 73

Deductive argument

Answer 73

1. An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the
   conclusion. In a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide support for the
   conclusion that is so strong that, if the premises are true, it would be impossible for the conclusion
   to be false.
2. For example, “All spiders have eight legs. A tarantula is a spider. Therefore, tarantulas have eight legs.” For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is assumed that the statements, “All spiders have eight legs” and “a tarantula is a spider” are true.
   3.Deductive reasoning is an important skill that can help you think logically and make meaningful decisions in the workplace. This mental tool enables professionals to come to conclusions based on premises assumed to be true or by taking a general assumption and turning it into a more specific idea or action.

Question 74

Fallacy

Answer 74

1. A fallacy is an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning. Writers do not want to make obvious
   fallacies in their reasoning, but they are often used unintentionally, or when the writer thinks they
   can get away with faulty logic. Common examples of fallacies include the following:
2. Example: “People have been trying for centuries to prove that God exists. But no one has yet been able to prove it. Therefore, God does not exist.” Here’s an opposing argument that commits the same fallacy: “People have been trying for years to prove that God does not exist. But no one has yet been able to prove it.
3. More than just identifying flaws, the primary purpose of studying fallacies is to avoid falling foul of them. By showing why and when a certain way of reasoning does not support the truth of the conclusion, that is, does not offer enough convincing evidence for it, the study of fallacies becomes inescapable.

Question 75

Ad hominem:

Answer 75

1. Latin for “against the man”. Personally attacking your opponents instead of their
   arguments. It is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, feeling rather than
   intellect.
2. A classic example of ad hominem fallacy is given below: A: “All murderers are criminals, but a thief isn’t a murderer, and so can’t be a criminal.” B: “Well, you’re a thief and a criminal, so there goes your argument.”
   3.An ad hominem argument from commitment is a type of valid argument that employs, as a dialectical strategy, the exclusive utilization of the beliefs, convictions, and assumptions of those holding the position being argued against, i.e., arguments constructed on the basis of what other people hold to be true.

Question 76

Appeal to authority:

Answer 76

1. Appeal to authority is a common type of fallacy, or an argument based on unsound logic. When writers or speakers use appeal to authority, they are claiming that something must be true because it is believed by someone who said to be an “authority” on the subject.
2. Instead of presenting actual evidence, the argument just relies on the credibility of the “authority.” Examples of Appeal to Authority: 1. A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is the best way to start the day because athlete Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast.
3. An argument from authority (argumentum ab auctoritate), also called an appeal to authority, or argumentum ad verecundiam, is a form of argument in which the opinion of an authority on a topic is used as evidence to support an argument.

Question 77

Appeal to the bandwagon

Answer 77

1. The Bandwagon Appeal attempts to persuade people by making them feel that a product or idea is popular and that everyone else is doing it. The idea of the Bandwagon Appeal is to make people feel like they’re missing out or falling behind if they don’t join the crowd and be a part of the trend.
2. Below are some examples of the Bandwagon Effect: Diets: When it seems like everyone is adopting a certain fad diet, people become more likely to try the diet themselves. Elections: People are more likely to vote for the candidate that they think is winning.
3. According to Aristotle, there are three primary types of appeals: Logos: A logical appeal. Also known as an evidential appeal. Pathos: An appeal to the audience’s emotions.

Question 78

Appeal to emotion:

Answer 78

1. An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
   emotions. Common emotional appeals are an appeal to sympathy, an appeal to revenge, an appeal
   to patriotism – basically any emotion can be used as an appeal.
   2.Sarah eating (or not eating) her food has no bearing on starving children in another part of the world.
2. Appeals to emotion are intended to draw inward feelings such as fear, pity, and joy from the recipient of the information with the end goal of convincing them that the statements being presented in the fallacious argument are true or false, respectively.

Question 79

Bad analogy

Answer 79

1. Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t. “We have pure
   food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can’t we have laws to keep
   musicians from giving us filth for the mind?”
2. “Telephones and bananas are shaped similarly, both fitting well to our hands. Therefore, just like the telephones have a designer, bananas must have a designer too.” “Cars cause many more deaths than firearms do, so if we are going to ban firearms, we should also ban cars.”
3. A type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which the fact that two things are alike in one respect leads to the invalid conclusion that they must be alike in some other respect.

Question 80

Cliche thinking

Answer 80

1. A thought-terminating cliché is a form of loaded language, often passing as folk wisdom, intended to end an argument and quell cognitive dissonance.
2. “The wrong side of the bed.”
   “Think outside the box.”
   “Loose canon.”
   “A perfect storm.”
   “Can of worms.”
3. A thought-terminating cliché (also known as a semantic stop-sign, a thought-stopper, bumper sticker logic, or cliché thinking) is a form of loaded language, often passing as folk wisdom, intended to end an argument and quell cognitive dissonance.

Question 81

False cause

Answer 81

1. A type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which a temporal sequence of events is assumed to be a causal sequence of events. Thus, because B follows A, A is considered the cause of B.
2. For example, Because Smith became angry after being frustrated, Smith’s frustration caused Smith’s anger.
3. This fallacy falsely assumes that one event causes another

Question 82

Hasty generalization

Answer 82

1. A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data. “My uncle
   didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as
   well as those who do.”
2. When I was young, my dad and brothers never helped with the household chores. All men are useless in the house.
3. The hasty generalization fallacy is sometimes called the over-generalization fallacy. It is basically making a claim based on evidence that it just too small. Essentially, you can’t make a claim and say that something is true if you have only an example or two as evidence.

Question 83

Non Sequitur

Answer 83

1. A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.
2. “Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest
   religions. Hinduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the
   principles of Hinduism must be true.”
3. Non sequiturs are often used for comedic and dramatic purposes in literature. These far-fetched statements can catch people off guard, surprising a laugh (or a shock) out of them.

Question 84

Slippery slope

Answer 84

1. The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
   possible outcome.
2. “If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then
   you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”
3. In a slippery slope argument, a course of action is rejected because, with little or no evidence, one insists that it will lead to a chain reaction resulting in an undesirable end or ends. The slippery slope involves an acceptance of a succession of events without direct evidence that this course of events will happen.

Question 85

Inductive argument

Answer 85

1. An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
   of the conclusion. In an inductive argument, the premises are intended only to be so strong that, if
   they are true, then it is unlikely that the conclusion is false.
2. Here are some examples of inductive reasoning: Data: I see fireflies in my backyard every summer. Hypothesis: This summer, I will probably see fireflies in my backyard. Data: Every dog I meet is friendly. Hypothesis: Most dogs are usually friendly.
3. Inductive reasoning allows individuals to accurately see the signs of something bigger at play. Using general ideas to reach a specific conclusion

Question 86

Sound argument

Answer 86

1. A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
   reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.
2. A sound argument is one that is not only valid, but begins with premises that are actually true. The example given about toasters is valid, but not sound. However, the following argument is both valid and sound: In some states, no felons are eligible voters, that is, eligible to vote.
3. The goal of “Sound Reasoning” is to equip you with questions that you may ask of any piece of music, thereby creating a richer and more comprehensive understanding of music both familiar and unfamiliar

Question 87

Unstated premises

Answer 87

1. Not every argument is fully expressed. Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left
   unexpressed. If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated
   that Rover is a dog. Here the unstated premise is no problem; indeed it would probably be obvious
   in context. But sometimes unstated premises are problematic, particularly if two parties in a
   discussion are making differing assumptions.
   2.In logical argument, a premise is a statement or assumption on which an argument is based. For example, if a person looks at a green apple and says, “this apple is sour,” the premises of this argument could be: 1) Green apples are sour.
2. If a deductive argument only has one premise, then there’s generally an unstated premise. It is charitable to determine an argument to have an unstated premise when it will assure us that a deductive argument with only one stated premise to be valid