AP Cliff Biology I kneed to remember Flashcards
What does Aldosterone do?
Produced by the adrenal cortex
Stimulus reabsorption of NA+
Stimulates secretion of K+
Results in the production of concentrated urine
Lacteals Absorb?
Fatty acides
Vasopressin is secreted by?
The posterior pituitary
Increased levels of cortisol do what?
Formation of glucose from protein and fat
Decrease of glucose utilization from other organs besides
Suspension of the immune system
Increased physiological state of stress
What does over production of growth hormone lead to?
Acromegaly
Giantism
Hyperglycemia
The bases for pairing two strands of DNA and a double helix is?
Hydrogen bonding
What are characteristics of tRNA?
It has some short double-stranded segments linked by base paring, with different loops of 7, and 8, and an anticodon loop.
it assists in the translation of mRNA nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids.
One end is the Anti codon loop, which binds to a ribosome matching which has ahold of mRNA strand with a matching codon coding for the corresponding AA.
T or F, Bacteria have a Nucleus.
F
What is derived from Ecdoderm “Attract-o-derm”
Epidermis, lens of the eye of eye, inner ear, nervous system.
What is derived from mesoderm, “means-o-derm (means to move around)”
Musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, gonads, kidneys, excretory system, connective tissue throughout the body, and portions of digestive and respiratory organs
What is derived from Endoderm, “Internal-organ-derm”
Epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tracks, including the lungs, and parts of the liver, Pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining.
What is transformation in bacteria?
Transformation results from the integration of foreign chromosome fragments in the form of a plasmid into the hosts genome
What are the digestive enzymes of the pancreas?
- Pancreatic Amylase
- Carboxypeptidase
- Chymotripsin
- Lipase
- Trypsin
β-glycosidic linkage can be digested by
specialized organisms, like the bacteria in the guts of termites, can break the bonds in cellulose β-glycosidic linkages
Adenine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Thymine
a double-ringbase(purine). 2 H bonds
Thymine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Adenine
a single-ringbase(pyrimidine). 2 H bonds
Cytosine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Guanine
a single-ringbase(pyrimidine). 3 H bonds
Guanine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Cytosine
a double-ringbase(purine). 3 H bonds
Tetrtiarystructure of proteins
three dimensional shaping and often dominates the structure of globular proteins.
disulfide bonds in Tetrtiarystructure
sulfur atom in the amino acid cysteine bonds to the sulfur atom in another cysteine (forming cystine, a kind of “double” amino acid). This disulfide bridge helps maintain turns of the amino acid chain (Figure 2-9).
quaternary structure
protein that is assembled from tow or more separate peptide chains
T or F An enzyme catalyzes a reaction in both forward and reverse directions
T
Enzymes become denatured at above ______degrees
104 Degrees F or 40 C
Microtubules
made of the protein tubular and provide support and motility forc cellular activities
Found in Spindle Apparatus, which guides movement of chromosomes during cell devision.
Also Project from plasma membrane to provide motility
Intermediate filaments
Provide support for maintaining sell shape
Microfilaments
made of actin
involved in cell motility
Found in muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape such as phagocytes (WBC)
Flagella v. Cilia
Long, and short respectively
Centrioles
Microtubule organizing centers. A pair of centrioles (enclosed in a centrosome) located outside the nuclear envelope gives rise to the microtubules that make up the spindle apparatus used during cell division.
Gap Junctions
narrow tunnels between animal cells
Consist of proteins called connexins
Allow ions to pass but not cytoplasm
Because the proteins of each cell extend beyond the plasma membranes before they meet, a small gap occurs between the two plasma membranes.
Prokaryote difference from Eukaryotes
Generally consist of only a plasma membrane, a DNA molecule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and often a cell wall.
- Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.
- The hereditary material in prokaryotes exists as asingle“naked”DNA molecule without the proteins that are associated with the DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes.
- Prokaryotic ribosomes ares smaller
- The cell walls of bacteria and cyanobacteria, when present, are constructed frump ptidoglycans, a polysaccharide- protein molecule. The cell walls of archaebacteria contain various polysaccharides, but not peptidoglycans, cellulose (as in plants), or chitin (as in fungi).
- Flagella when present in prokaryotes, are not constructed of micro tubules.
What are Ion channels called in muscle and nerve cells?
Gated Channels
The passage of glucose into a cell is by _____.
Carrier Proteins
Glycoproteins are _____.
Recognition Proteins.
Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast to Gram-negative bacteria
bacteria that retain the crystal violet dye do so because of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and are called Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the violet dye and are colored red or pink. Compared with Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant against antibodies because of their impenetrable cell wall.
What are glyoxysomes?
Peroxisomes In germinating seeds,
Break down stored fatty acids to help generate energy for growth.
Centrioles and Basal Bodies
Act as microtubule organizing centers.
Give rise to microtubules that make up spindle apparatus during cell division
Basal bodies are at the base of each flagellum and cilium, and appear to organize their development.
Vesicular transport
uses vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm to move macromolecules or large particles across the plasma membrane.
EG..
Endocytosis (Phago, Pino, Receptor mediated Endocytosis)
Endocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
A form of pinocytosis
The membrane pits, the receptors, and their specific molecules (called ligands)
In order to absorb more of the light bandwidth plants have what?
Multiple pigments, green chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the carotenoids, which are red, orange, or yellow.
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
making ATP from ADP and Pi (phosphorylation) using energy derived from light (photo).
2 electrons in Noncyclic Phosphorylation Yield
1.5 ATP left over electrons become incorporated into NADPH
2 electrons in cyclic Phosphorylation Yield
1ATP left over electrons return to PS1. Here they can be energized again to participate in cyclic or noncyclic photophosphorylation.
The electrons from photosynthesis come from______.
The splitting of water into 2H+, 1/2O2, and 2e-
Water splitting in photosynthesis is catalyzed by?
water is split by PS II, with A manganese containing protein complex
Calvin cycle must repeat________times ignorer to produce 1 glucose molecule
6 times
4 basic steps of Calvin cycle
- Carboxylation: 6 CO2 combine with 6 RuBP to produce 12 PGA
- Reduction: 12 ATP and 12 NADPH are used to convert 12 PGA to 12 G3P
- Regeneration: 6 ATP are used to convert 10 G3P to 6 RuBP
- Carbohydrate synthesis: 12 G3P were created in step 2, but only 10 were used in step 3, two remaining G3P are used to build glucose
in Plants H+ ions (protons) accumulate here.
Thylakoid lumen
the fluid material that fills the area inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast, and The Calvin cycle occurs
here
Stroma
Advantages of C4 photosynthesis
minimizes photorespiration (more efficient CO2 fixers), reduces water loss
eg. Sugarcane, corn, and crab grass.
A locus refers to _____
location on a chromosome where a gene is located.
The law of segregation refers to
Separation of alleles and their chromosomes to individual gametes.
law of independent assortment refers to______
Individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.
eg.. one allele of each allele pair migrates to opposite poles and ends up in separate gametes.
What is Epistasis?
when one gene affects the phenotypic expression of a second gene.
eg.. Pigmentation, CCBB, CCBb, CcBB, and CcBb are all black, and the expressions of CCbb and Ccbb are both brown. However, whenever cc is inherited, no pigment is produced and the fur is white regardless of the color encoded by the B allele.
Pleiotropy
single gene has more than one phenotypic expression.
Many disease-causing genes exhibit pleiotropy, like Sickle-cell disease
Polygenic inheritance
many genes shaping one phenotype is the opposite of pleiotropy (one gene influencing many phenotypes).
Linked Genes
Genes that reside on the same chromosome and cannot segregate independently because they are physically connected.
Conditions of nondisjunction?
- During meiosis, the failure for two homologous chromosomes (during anaphase I) or two chromatids of a single
chromosome (during anaphase II) to separate and segregate produces gametes with extra or missing chromosomes. - During mitosis, the failure of two chromatids of a single chromosome (during anaphase) to separate and segregate
produces daughter cells with extra or missing chromosomes. This happens most often during embryonic develop-
ment and results in mosaicism, in which a fraction of the body cells, those descendent of a cell where nondis-
junction occurs, have an extra or missing chromosome. - Polyploidy occurs if all of the chromosomes undergo meiotic nondisjunction and produce gametes with twice the
number of chromosomes. If a polyploid gamete is fertilized with a similar gamete, then a polyploidy zygote and
individual can form. Polyploidy is common in plants.
What is Aneuploidy?
genome with extra or missing chromosomes
Down syndrome occurs when an egg or sperm with an extra number 21 chromosome fuses with a normal
gamete.
Turner Syndrome results when there is nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes. Sperm will have either both sex chromosomes (XY) or no sex chromosomes (O, used to indicate the absence of a chromosome)
Duplications occurs when ____
Chromosome segment is repeated on the same chromosome
Inversions occurs when______
Chromosome segments are rearranged in reverse orientation on the same chromosome.
Translocation occurs when____
Segment of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome.
