AP BIOLOGY VOCAB CH 19/21

Question 1

perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes

Answer 1

Darwin

Question 2

perceived the idea of speciation

Answer 2

Wallace

Question 3

visual evidence of change overtime

Answer 3

fossils

Question 4

when new layers of sediment cover the old layers and compress them into layers of rock

Answer 4

strata

Question 5

introduced inheritance of acquired traits, USE AND DISUSE

Answer 5

Lamarck

Question 6

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

Answer 6

adaptations

Question 7

nonrandom differential success in reproduction, leads to accumulation of “good” genes

Answer 7

natural selection

Question 8

man chooses

Answer 8

artificial selection

Question 9

members of a population often vary their inherited traits and ALL species can produce more offspring than the environment can support (more COMPETITION)

Answer 9

Darwin’s observations

Question 10

Those with favorable traits for an environment will survive and pass on favorable traits leading to more offspring.

Answer 10

Darwin’s inferences

Question 11

same structure indicate common ancestry

Answer 11

homologous structures

Question 12

structures that aren’t currently used but left over from an ancestor

Answer 12

vestigial structures:

Question 13

the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life

Answer 13

biogeography

Question 14

the movement of continents resulting from the motion of tectonic plates

Answer 14

continental drift

Question 15

a species that can only survive in one geological area

Answer 15

endemic

Question 16

a likeness often due to common origin

Answer 16

homology

Question 17

differences among populations in genetically based traits across the natural geographic range of a species

Answer 17

geographic variation

Question 18

original and continued source of variation

Answer 18

mutation

Question 19

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 (p^2 = homozygous dominant, q^2 = homozygous recessive, 2pq = heterozygous)

Answer 19

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Question 20

very large population
no sexual selection
no natural selection
no mutations
no gene flow (no immigration/emigration)

Answer 20

5 conditions of Hardy Weinberg

Question 21

random, describes how allele frequencies fluctuate randomly, affects small populations → loss of genetic variation

Answer 21

genetic drift

Question 22

genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

Answer 22

founder effect

Question 23

a dramatic change causes the population to become very small and less diverse (no natural selection) (ex. Natural disaster)

Answer 23

bottleneck effect

Question 24

immigration and emigration, tends to reduce differences between populations overtime

Answer 24

gene flow

Question 25

describes the total number of offspring an organism has compared to the average number of offspring for the population

Answer 25

relative fitness

Question 26

one extreme phenotype was selected for (ex. peppered moths)

Answer 26

directional selection

Question 27

nature favors both extreme phenotypes (ex. bird beaks)

Answer 27

disruptive selection

Question 28

nature favors the average phenotype (ex. infant birth weight)

Answer 28

stabilizing selection

Question 29

usually the female chooses, results in sexual dimorphism

Answer 29

sexual selection

Question 30

marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 30

sexual dimorphism

Question 31

occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes (ex. heterozygous sickle cell disease is more advantageous than only normal cells or only sickle cells)

Answer 31

heterozygote advantage

Question 32

when organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits

Answer 32

convergent evolution