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AP biology test Animals part 2 > AP biology test notes > Flashcards

AP biology test notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It is the network that activates the body in an flight or fight

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2
Q

What is a parasympathetic ?

A

Inhibits the body from overworking

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3
Q

What is the Ligand Ion gated channel and How does it work?

A

it gives them a way through once the ligand binds to the receptor it activates and allows for ions to pass through. Therefore, increases the concentration and signals a cellular response the ligand can remove it self

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4
Q

what is urea acid?

A

It is less soluble, less toxic, and used by tesstertrial animals
NH and co2 produced in the liver

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5
Q

What is uric acid

A

Egg laying animals, birds, reptiles, insects
highly less toxic, less soluble

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6
Q

What is Aminona?

A

Toxic waste

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7
Q

What is a ligand?

A

Binds to molecules that are larger

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8
Q

Kidney function

A

Nephrons

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9
Q

What stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles?

A

Oxytocin

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10
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

glucagon

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11
Q

What is collecting dust?

A

Controlled by hormones and helps maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

What is hypothomulus?

A

It is the control center and regulates signals throughout the body

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13
Q

What is pulitary gland?

A

Secertes broad range of hormones throughout the body

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14
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Insulates axon and speeds signals

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15
Q

What are protein kinases?

A

They transfer ATP into proteins

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16
Q

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

A

Signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response

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17
Q

What is the key function of the excretory system?

A

Filtration- filters solutes and water out of the blood

Reabsorption: selectively reabsorbs water and solutes back into the blood

Secretion: Pump out unwanted solutes to urine

Excretion: Excerts concentrated urine out

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18
Q

What occurs when insulin is added?

A

The liver stores glucose which reduce hunger

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19
Q

What occurs when glucagon is added

A

The liver releases glucose which triggers hunger

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20
Q

The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps?

A

Nat+ out of cell and K+ into the cell

21
Q

The resting potential is restored by?

A

The opening of voltage-sensitive potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation

22
Q

What is the endocrine system in signaling?

A

The endocrine secrete chemical signals throughout the body

23
Q

What is a negative feeback?

A

Negative feedback prevents excessive pathways and keeps the system stable with normal limits

24
Q

What is the nervous system in signaling

A

Transmits electrical signals and release neurotransmitters

25
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Control mechanism inforces stimulus leading to greater response
example: Child birth, reproduction

26
Q

What is a paracrine signaling

A

Numerous cells can receive and response to molecules nearby

27
Q

what is the role of the phosphorylation cascade?

A

Phosphate provides the mechanism for turning off the signal transduction when cell is not present

28
Q

The three parts of information processing pathway

A

sensory neurons:
Transmit information about external stimuli like light, touch, or smell
Interneurons: Connects neron in brain
Motor neurons: transmits signals to muscle cells causing them to contract

29
Q

How does a nerve impulse travel
Stimulus

A

Reaches thershold potential open Na+ channels in the cell membrane

Reverses
Cell becomes depolarize
positive inside negative outside
this opens the sodium channel

30
Q

Nerve impulse travel Wave: nerve impulse travels down neuron

A

Na+ continue to diffuses into cell and wave moves down neuron which is called action potential

31
Q

Re-set

A

Kt channels open
Kt channels start to diffuse out of the cell
negative inside, positive outside

32
Q

What are voltage-gated channels?

A

Ion channels open and close in response to changes across membrane

Na+ channels open quickly in response to depolarization -positive inside negative outside

K+ channels open slowly in response

33
Q

How does the nerve re-set itself

A

Na+ needs to move back out
K+ needs to move back in
Both are moving against a concentration gradient

They use the sodium-potassium pump-active transport protein
-reset charge

34
Q

What happens in chemical synapse?

A

open ca++ channels

Release neurotransmitter to synapes- diffusion
neurotransmitter binds with protein receptor ion -gated channels open

35
Q

Post-synaptic neuron what does it do?

A

Triggers nerve impulses in the next nerve cell

Na+ diffuses into the cell
K+ diffuses out of the cell

36
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Transmit signal to skeletal muscle

37
Q

What is the weak point of the nervous system?

A

Any substance that affects neurotransmitter or mimics them affects nerve function
mushroom
poisons
drugs

38
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Cells may need to move molecules against concentration graident

39
Q

What is G1/S checkpoint?

A

The checkpoint is the most critical
Primary decision point and if the cell receive a go it divides

If the cell does not receive signal it exists cycle

40
Q

What is S phase

A

DNA synthesis copies chromomoes

41
Q

what is Mitosis?

A

Dividing cell Dna between 2 daughter nuclei

42
Q

What is meiosis?

A

a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

43
Q

what is cAMP?

A

cAMP results in the activation of an enzyme that amplifies the signal by acting on many substrate molecules.

44
Q

what is a efficient way to distribute a hormone?

A

The bloodstream is the most effective way to distribute a hormone that has to reach multiple target cells

45
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell.

46
Q

What is the transcription factor

A

They control which genes are turned on to form Mrna

47
Q

What does the ureters do

A

Carry urine from the collecting tubules of the renal pelvis to the bladder

48
Q

What is glycogen

A

It is animal starch that is stored in the liver and muscles

AP biology test Animals part 2 (1 decks)

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