AP biology test notes Flashcards
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
It is the network that activates the body in an flight or fight
What is a parasympathetic ?
Inhibits the body from overworking
What is the Ligand Ion gated channel and How does it work?
it gives them a way through once the ligand binds to the receptor it activates and allows for ions to pass through. Therefore, increases the concentration and signals a cellular response the ligand can remove it self
what is urea acid?
It is less soluble, less toxic, and used by tesstertrial animals
NH and co2 produced in the liver
What is uric acid
Egg laying animals, birds, reptiles, insects
highly less toxic, less soluble
What is Aminona?
Toxic waste
What is a ligand?
Binds to molecules that are larger
Kidney function
Nephrons
What stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles?
Oxytocin
secreted by the anterior pituitary
glucagon
What is collecting dust?
Controlled by hormones and helps maintain homeostasis
What is hypothomulus?
It is the control center and regulates signals throughout the body
What is pulitary gland?
Secertes broad range of hormones throughout the body
What is the myelin sheath?
Insulates axon and speeds signals
What are protein kinases?
They transfer ATP into proteins
What are the three stages of cell signaling?
Signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response
What is the key function of the excretory system?
Filtration- filters solutes and water out of the blood
Reabsorption: selectively reabsorbs water and solutes back into the blood
Secretion: Pump out unwanted solutes to urine
Excretion: Excerts concentrated urine out
What occurs when insulin is added?
The liver stores glucose which reduce hunger
What occurs when glucagon is added
The liver releases glucose which triggers hunger
The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps?
Nat+ out of cell and K+ into the cell
The resting potential is restored by?
The opening of voltage-sensitive potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation
What is the endocrine system in signaling?
The endocrine secrete chemical signals throughout the body
What is a negative feeback?
Negative feedback prevents excessive pathways and keeps the system stable with normal limits
What is the nervous system in signaling
Transmits electrical signals and release neurotransmitters
What is positive feedback?
Control mechanism inforces stimulus leading to greater response
example: Child birth, reproduction
What is a paracrine signaling
Numerous cells can receive and response to molecules nearby
what is the role of the phosphorylation cascade?
Phosphate provides the mechanism for turning off the signal transduction when cell is not present
The three parts of information processing pathway
sensory neurons:
Transmit information about external stimuli like light, touch, or smell
Interneurons: Connects neron in brain
Motor neurons: transmits signals to muscle cells causing them to contract
How does a nerve impulse travel
Stimulus
Reaches thershold potential open Na+ channels in the cell membrane
Reverses
Cell becomes depolarize
positive inside negative outside
this opens the sodium channel
Nerve impulse travel Wave: nerve impulse travels down neuron
Na+ continue to diffuses into cell and wave moves down neuron which is called action potential
Re-set
Kt channels open
Kt channels start to diffuse out of the cell
negative inside, positive outside
What are voltage-gated channels?
Ion channels open and close in response to changes across membrane
Na+ channels open quickly in response to depolarization -positive inside negative outside
K+ channels open slowly in response
How does the nerve re-set itself
Na+ needs to move back out
K+ needs to move back in
Both are moving against a concentration gradient
They use the sodium-potassium pump-active transport protein
-reset charge
What happens in chemical synapse?
open ca++ channels
Release neurotransmitter to synapes- diffusion
neurotransmitter binds with protein receptor ion -gated channels open
Post-synaptic neuron what does it do?
Triggers nerve impulses in the next nerve cell
Na+ diffuses into the cell
K+ diffuses out of the cell
What is Acetylcholine?
Transmit signal to skeletal muscle
What is the weak point of the nervous system?
Any substance that affects neurotransmitter or mimics them affects nerve function
mushroom
poisons
drugs
What is Active Transport?
Cells may need to move molecules against concentration graident
What is G1/S checkpoint?
The checkpoint is the most critical
Primary decision point and if the cell receive a go it divides
If the cell does not receive signal it exists cycle
What is S phase
DNA synthesis copies chromomoes
what is Mitosis?
Dividing cell Dna between 2 daughter nuclei
What is meiosis?
a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
what is cAMP?
cAMP results in the activation of an enzyme that amplifies the signal by acting on many substrate molecules.
what is a efficient way to distribute a hormone?
The bloodstream is the most effective way to distribute a hormone that has to reach multiple target cells
What is signal transduction?
The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell.
What is the transcription factor
They control which genes are turned on to form Mrna
What does the ureters do
Carry urine from the collecting tubules of the renal pelvis to the bladder
What is glycogen
It is animal starch that is stored in the liver and muscles
