AP biology test notes

Question 1

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 1

It is the network that activates the body in an flight or fight

Question 2

What is a parasympathetic ?

Answer 2

Inhibits the body from overworking

Question 3

What is the Ligand Ion gated channel and How does it work?

Answer 3

it gives them a way through once the ligand binds to the receptor it activates and allows for ions to pass through. Therefore, increases the concentration and signals a cellular response the ligand can remove it self

Question 4

what is urea acid?

Answer 4

It is less soluble, less toxic, and used by tesstertrial animals
NH and co2 produced in the liver

Question 5

What is uric acid

Answer 5

Egg laying animals, birds, reptiles, insects
highly less toxic, less soluble

Question 6

What is Aminona?

Answer 6

Toxic waste

Question 7

What is a ligand?

Answer 7

Binds to molecules that are larger

Question 8

Kidney function

Answer 8

Nephrons

Question 9

What stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles?

Answer 9

Oxytocin

Question 10

secreted by the anterior pituitary

Answer 10

glucagon

Question 11

What is collecting dust?

Answer 11

Controlled by hormones and helps maintain homeostasis

Question 12

What is hypothomulus?

Answer 12

It is the control center and regulates signals throughout the body

Question 13

What is pulitary gland?

Answer 13

Secertes broad range of hormones throughout the body

Question 14

What is the myelin sheath?

Answer 14

Insulates axon and speeds signals

Question 15

What are protein kinases?

Answer 15

They transfer ATP into proteins

Question 16

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

Answer 16

Signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response

Question 17

What is the key function of the excretory system?

Answer 17

Filtration- filters solutes and water out of the blood

Reabsorption: selectively reabsorbs water and solutes back into the blood

Secretion: Pump out unwanted solutes to urine

Excretion: Excerts concentrated urine out

Question 18

What occurs when insulin is added?

Answer 18

The liver stores glucose which reduce hunger

Question 19

What occurs when glucagon is added

Answer 19

The liver releases glucose which triggers hunger

Question 20

The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps?

Answer 20

Nat+ out of cell and K+ into the cell

Question 21

The resting potential is restored by?

Answer 21

The opening of voltage-sensitive potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation

Question 22

What is the endocrine system in signaling?

Answer 22

The endocrine secrete chemical signals throughout the body

Question 23

What is a negative feeback?

Answer 23

Negative feedback prevents excessive pathways and keeps the system stable with normal limits

Question 24

What is the nervous system in signaling

Answer 24

Transmits electrical signals and release neurotransmitters

Question 25

What is positive feedback?

Answer 25

Control mechanism inforces stimulus leading to greater response example: Child birth, reproduction

Question 26

What is a paracrine signaling

Answer 26

Numerous cells can receive and response to molecules nearby

Question 27

what is the role of the phosphorylation cascade?

Answer 27

Phosphate provides the mechanism for turning off the signal transduction when cell is not present

Question 28

The three parts of information processing pathway

Answer 28

sensory neurons: Transmit information about external stimuli like light, touch, or smell Interneurons: Connects neron in brain Motor neurons: transmits signals to muscle cells causing them to contract

Question 29

How does a nerve impulse travel Stimulus

Answer 29

Reaches thershold potential open Na+ channels in the cell membrane Reverses Cell becomes depolarize positive inside negative outside this opens the sodium channel

Question 30

Nerve impulse travel Wave: nerve impulse travels down neuron

Answer 30

Na+ continue to diffuses into cell and wave moves down neuron which is called action potential

Question 31

Re-set

Answer 31

Kt channels open Kt channels start to diffuse out of the cell negative inside, positive outside

Question 32

What are voltage-gated channels?

Answer 32

Ion channels open and close in response to changes across membrane Na+ channels open quickly in response to depolarization -positive inside negative outside K+ channels open slowly in response

Question 33

How does the nerve re-set itself

Answer 33

Na+ needs to move back out K+ needs to move back in Both are moving against a concentration gradient They use the sodium-potassium pump-active transport protein -reset charge

Question 34

What happens in chemical synapse?

Answer 34

open ca++ channels Release neurotransmitter to synapes- diffusion neurotransmitter binds with protein receptor ion -gated channels open

Question 35

Post-synaptic neuron what does it do?

Answer 35

Triggers nerve impulses in the next nerve cell Na+ diffuses into the cell K+ diffuses out of the cell

Question 36

What is Acetylcholine?

Answer 36

Transmit signal to skeletal muscle

Question 37

What is the weak point of the nervous system?

Answer 37

Any substance that affects neurotransmitter or mimics them affects nerve function mushroom poisons drugs

Question 38

What is Active Transport?

Answer 38

Cells may need to move molecules against concentration graident

Question 39

What is G1/S checkpoint?

Answer 39

The checkpoint is the most critical Primary decision point and if the cell receive a go it divides If the cell does not receive signal it exists cycle

Question 40

What is S phase

Answer 40

DNA synthesis copies chromomoes

Question 41

what is Mitosis?

Answer 41

Dividing cell Dna between 2 daughter nuclei

Question 42

What is meiosis?

Answer 42

a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

Question 43

what is cAMP?

Answer 43

cAMP results in the activation of an enzyme that amplifies the signal by acting on many substrate molecules.

Question 44

what is a efficient way to distribute a hormone?

Answer 44

The bloodstream is the most effective way to distribute a hormone that has to reach multiple target cells

Question 45

What is signal transduction?

Answer 45

The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell.

Question 46

What is the transcription factor

Answer 46

They control which genes are turned on to form Mrna

Question 47

What does the ureters do

Answer 47

Carry urine from the collecting tubules of the renal pelvis to the bladder

Question 48

What is glycogen

Answer 48

It is animal starch that is stored in the liver and muscles