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AP Biology Final Exam > AP Biology Final Exam Terms > Flashcards

AP Biology Final Exam Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of interaction between animals and their environments

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2
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behavior

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3
Q

fixed-action pettern

A

preprogrammed response to a stimulus (stickleback fish)

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4
Q

habituation

A

loss of responsiveness to unimportant stimuli or stimuli that provide no feedback

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5
Q

imprinting

A

innate behavior learned during critical period early in life (baby ducks imprint to mother ducks)

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6
Q

associative learning

A

one stimulus is associated with another (classical conditioning - Pavlov)

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7
Q

operant conditioning

A

trial-and-error learning (aposometric predator training)

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8
Q

insight learning

A

ability to reason through a problem the first time through with no prior experience

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9
Q

observational learning

A

learning by watching someone else do it first

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10
Q

kinesis

A

change in speed of movement in response to a stimulus; organisms move faster in bad environments and slower in good environments

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11
Q

migration

A

cyclic movement of animals over long distances according to the time of year

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12
Q

taxis

A

reflex movement toward or away from a stimulus

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13
Q

agnostic behavior

A

conflict behavior over access to a resource; often a metter of which animal can mount the most threatening display and scare the other into submission

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14
Q

dominance hierarchies

A

ranking of power among the members of a group; subject to change; since members of the group know the order, less energy is wasted in conflicts over food and resources

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15
Q

territoriality

A

defense of territory to keep others out

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16
Q

altruistic behavior

A

action in which an organism helps another at its own expense

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17
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

animals behave altruistically toward others who are not relatives hoping that the favor will be returned come time in the future

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18
Q

foraging

A

feeding behavior of an individual; animals have a search image that directs them to food

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19
Q

optimal foraging

A

natural selection favors those who choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential between costs and benefits; if the effort involved in obtaining food outweighs the nutritive value of the food, “forget about it”

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20
Q

inclusive fitness

A

the ability of individuals to pass their genes not only through the production of their own offspring, but also by providing aid to enable closely related individuals to produce offspring

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21
Q

coefficient of relatedness

A

statistic that represents the average proportion of genes two individuals have in common; the higher the value, the more likely they are to altruistically aid one another

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22
Q

chemical communication

A

communication through the use of chemical signals, such as pheromones

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23
Q

visual communication

A

communication through the use of visual cues, such as the tail feather displays of peacocks

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24
Q

auditory communication

A

communication through the use of sound, such as the chirping of frogs in the summer

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25
Q

tactile communication

A

communication through the use of touch, such as a handshake in humans

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26
Q

population

A

collection of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area

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27
Q

community

A

collection of populations of species in a geographic area

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28
Q

ecosystem

A

community + environment

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29
Q

biosphere

A

communities + ecosystems of planet

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30
Q

biotic components

A

living organisms of ecosystem

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31
Q

abiotic components

A

nonliving players in ecosystem

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32
Q

clumped dispersion

A

animals live in packs spaced from each other (e.g. cattle)

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33
Q

uniform distribution

A

species are evenly spaced out across an area (e.g. birds on a wire)

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34
Q

random distribution

A

species are randomly distributed across an area (e.g. trees in a forest)

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35
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum growth rate for a population

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36
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of individuals that a population can sustain in a given environment

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37
Q

density-dependent limiting factors

A

food, waste, disease

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38
Q

density-independent limiting factors

A

weather, natural disasters

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39
Q

exponential population growth

A

J-shaped curve, unlimited growth

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40
Q

logistic population growth

A

S-shaped curve, limited growth

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41
Q

K-selected populations

A

constant size, low reproductive rate, extensive postnatal care (e.g. humans)

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42
Q

R-selected populations

A

rapid growth, J-curve style, little postnatal care, reproduce quickly, die quickly (e.g. bacteria)

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43
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

live long life, until age is reached where death increases rapidly (e.g. humans, large mammals)

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44
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A

constant death rate across the age spectrum (e.g. lizards, hydra. small mammals)

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45
Q

Type III survivorship curve

A

steep downward death rate for young individuals that flattens out at certain age (e.g. fish, oysters)

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46
Q

parastism

A

one organism benefits at another’s expense (e.g. tapeworms and humans)

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47
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (e.g. cattle egrets and cattle)

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48
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms reap benefits from the interaction (e.g. acacia trees and ants, lichen)

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49
Q

predation

A

one species, the predator, hunts the other, the prey

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50
Q

cryptic coloration

A

coloring scheme that allows organism to blend into colors of environment

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51
Q

deceptive markings

A

patterns that cause an animal to appear larger or more dangerous than it really is

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52
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning coloration adopted by animals that possess a chemical defense mechanism

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53
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

animal that is harmless copies the appearance of an animal that is dangerous

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54
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

two aposemetrically colored species have a similar coloration pattern

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55
Q

primary succession

A

occurs in an area devoid of life that contains no soil; pioneer species come in, add nutrients, and are replaced by future species, which attract animals to the area, thus adding more nutrients; constant changing go guards until the climax community is reached and a steady-state equilibrium is achieved

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56
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs in area that once had stable life but was disturbed by major force (fire)

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57
Q

desert

A

driest land biome

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58
Q

taiga

A

lengthy cold, wet winters; lots of conifers

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59
Q

temperate grasslands

A

most fertile soil

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60
Q

tundra

A

permafrost, cold winters, short shrubs

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61
Q

savanna

A

grasslands, home to herbivores

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62
Q

deciduous forest

A

cold winters/warm summers

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63
Q

tropical forest

A

greatest diversity of species

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64
Q

water biomes

A

freshwater and marine biomes of earth

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65
Q

trophic levels

A

hierarchy of energy levels on a planet; energy level decreases from bottom to top; primary producers (bottom) > primary consumers (herbivores) > secondary consumers > tertiary consumers > decomposers

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66
Q

organic compounds

A

contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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67
Q

functional groups

A

amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)

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68
Q

fat

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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69
Q

saturated fat

A

bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temperature

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70
Q

unsaturated fat

A

better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temperature

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71
Q

steroids

A

lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence; include cholesterol and sex hormones

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72
Q

phospholipids

A

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; make up membrane bilayers of cells; have hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors

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73
Q

carbohydrates

A

used by cells for energy and structure; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods])

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74
Q

proteins

A

made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (e.g., transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels)

75
Q

enzymes

A

catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substances to speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy; effectiveness is affected by changes in pH, temperature, and substrate and enzyme concentrations

76
Q

competitive inhibition

A

inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site

77
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

inhibitor binds elsewhere on enzyme; alters active site so that substrate cannot bind

78
Q

pH

A

logarithmic scale; 7 basic (alkaline); pH 4 is 10 times more acidic than pH 5

79
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

breaks down compounds by adding water

80
Q

dehydration reaction

A

two components brought together, producing H2O

81
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reaction that requires input of energy

82
Q

exergonic reaction

A

reaction that gives off energy

83
Q

redox reaction

A

electron transfer reaction

84
Q

cell wall

A

protects and shapes the cell; found on prokaryotes and plant cells

85
Q

plasma membrane

A

regulates what substances enter and leave a cell; found in all cells

86
Q

ribosome

A

host for protein synthesis; formed in nucleolus; found in all cells

87
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface; found in eukaryotic cells

88
Q

rough ER

A

synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface; found in eukaryotic cells

89
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies lipids, proteins, etc., and sends them to other sites on the cell; found in eukaryotic cells

90
Q

mitochondria

A

power plant of cell; hosts major energy-producing steps of respiration; found in eukaryotic cells

91
Q

lysosome

A

contains enzymes that digest organic compounds; serves as cell’s stomach; found in animal cells only

92
Q

nucleus

A

control center of cell; host for transcription, replication, and DNA; found in eukaryotic cells

93
Q

peroxisome

A

breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of alcohol; found in eukaryotic cells

94
Q

chloroplast

A

sit of photosynthesis in plants; found in plant cells only

95
Q

cytoskeleton

A

skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules (cell division, cilia, flagella), microfilaments (muscles), and intermediate filaments (reinforcing position of organelles); found in eukaryotic cells

96
Q

vacuole

A

storage vault of cells; small in animals, large in plant cells, not found in prokaryotic cells

97
Q

centrioles

A

part of microtubule separation apparatus that assists cell division in animal cells; found in animal cells only

98
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

plasma membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol among the phospholipids

99
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane

100
Q

peripheral proteins

A

proteins attached to exterior of membrane

101
Q

diffusion

A

passive movement of substances down their concentration radient (from high to low concentrations)

102
Q

osmosis

A

passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration to the side of high solute concentration (hypotonic to hypertonic)

103
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

assisted transport of particles across membrane (no energy input needed)

104
Q

active transport

A

movement of substances against concentration gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input)

105
Q

endocytosis

A

phagocytosis of particles into a cell through the use of vesicles

106
Q

exocytosis

A

process by which particles are ejected from the cell, similar to movement in a trash chute

107
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

actively moves potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell against their respective concentration gradients

108
Q

aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis > Krebs cycle > oxidative phosphorylization > 36 ATP per glucose molecule

109
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

(fermentation): glycolysis > regenerate NAD+ > 2 ATP per glucose molecule

110
Q

glycolysis

A

conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH; occurs in the cytoplasm, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; must have NAD+ to proceed

111
Q

Krebs cycle

A

conversion of 1 pyruvate molecule into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, H2O, and CO2; occurs twice for each glucose to yield 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP; occurs in mitochondria; total of 4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2 including glycolysis

112
Q

oxidative phsophorylation

A

production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and FADH2; occurs in mitochondria, requires oxygen; NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons down the electron transport chain to produce ATP; each NADH can produce up to 3 ATP, each FADH2 up to 2 ATP; ½ O2 is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain; movement of electrons down the chain leads to movement of H+ out of matrix; regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis and Krebs cycle can continue; yields 36 ATP including glycolysis and Krebs cycle (not 38 because 2 ATP were used to start glycolysis)

113
Q

chemiosmosis

A

coupling of movement of electrons down the ETC with the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient; occurs in both cell respiration and photosynthesis

114
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme responsible for using protons to actually produce ATP from ADP

115
Q

fermentation

A

process that regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can begin again; occurs in absence of oxygen; begins with glycolysis (2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH produced from 1 glucose molecule); because their is no oxygen to accept the electron energy on the chain, there is a shortage of NAD+, which prevents glycolysis from continuing

116
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

occurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria; causes conversions of pyruvate to ethanol

117
Q

fermentation (lactic acid)

A

occurs in human and animal muscle cells; causes conversion of pyruvate to lactate; causes cramping sensation when oxygen runs low in muscles

118
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which plants use the energy from light to generate sugar; occurs in chloroplasts, light reactions (thylakoid), Calvin cycle (stroma)

119
Q

autotroph

A

self-nourishing organism that is also known as a producer (plants)

120
Q

heterotroph

A

organisms that must consume other organisms to obtain energy; consumers (e.g. humans)

121
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water via evaporation through the stomata (natural process)

122
Q

photophosphorylation

A

process by which ATP is mad during light reactions

123
Q

photolysis

A

process by which water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms (light reactions)

124
Q

stomata

A

structure though which CO2 enters a plant, and water vapor and oxygen leave a plant

125
Q

pigment

A

molecule that absorbs light of a particular wavelength (chlorophyll, carotenoid, phycobilins)

126
Q

(noncyclic) light-dependent reactions

A

occur in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast; inputs are light and water; light strikes photosystem II (P680); electrons pass along until they reach primary electron acceptor; photolysis occurs; electrons pass down an ETC to P700 (photosystem I), forming ATP by chemiosmosis; electrons of P700 pass down another ETC to produce NADPH; three products of light reactions are NADPH, ATP, O2; oxygen comes from H2O

127
Q

(cyclic) light-dependent reactions

A

occur in thylakoid membrane; only involves photosystem I; ATP is the only product of these reactions; no NADPH or oxygen are produced; exist because Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH (this is how the difference is made up)

128
Q

light-independent reactions (cyclic)

A

occurs in stroma of chloroplast; inputs are NADPH, ATP, and CO2 first step is carbon fixation, which is catalyzed by an enzyme named rubisco; series of reactions lead to production of NADP+, ADP, and sugar; more ATP is used than NADPH; carbon of sugar product comes from CO2

129
Q

C4 plants

A

plants that have adapted their photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions

130
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

process that first converts CO2 into a 4-carbon molecule in the mesophyll cells, converts that product to malate, and then shuttles it to the bundle sheath cells, where the malate releases CO2 and rubisco picks it up as if all were normal

131
Q

CAM plants

A

plants that close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

132
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division; double the DNA, double the size, then split apart

133
Q

cell cycle

A

G1 (growth 1) > S (synthesis) > G2 (growth 2) > M (mitosis)

134
Q

interphase

A

G1 + S + G2 = 90 percent of cell cycle

135
Q

prophase

A

nucleus, nucleolus disappear; mitotic spindle forms

136
Q

metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up at middle

137
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are split apart

138
Q

telophase

A

nuclei of new cells form

139
Q

prophase I

A

each chromosome pairs with its homolog; there is crossover

140
Q

metaphase I

A

chromosome pairs align along middle of cell, ready to split apart

141
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes split apart

142
Q

telophase I

A

nuclear membrane reforms; daughter cells are now haploid (n)

143
Q

prophase II

A

nucleus disappears, spindle apparatus forms

144
Q

metaphase II

A

sister chromatids line up at middle

145
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are split apart

146
Q

telophase II

A

nuclei of new cells reform; chromatin uncoils

147
Q

cytokinesis

A

physical separation of newly formed daughter cells of cell division

148
Q

growth factors

A

factors that when present, promote growth, and when absent, impede growth

149
Q

checkpoints

A

a cell stops growing to make sure it has the nutrients and raw materials to proceed

150
Q

density-dependent inhibitors

A

cell stops growing when certain density is reached (runs out of food)

151
Q

cyclins and protein kinases

A

cyclin combines with CDK to form a structure known as MPF that pushes cell into mitosis when enough is present

152
Q

haploid (n)

A

one copy of each chromosome

153
Q

diploid (2n)

A

two copies of each chromosome

154
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and function

155
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the process of male gamete formation (four sperm from one cell)

156
Q

oogenesis

A

the process of female gamete formation (one ovum from each cell)

157
Q

life cycles

A

sequence of events that make up the reproductive cycle of an organism

158
Q

human life cycle

A

zygote (2n) > multicellular organism (2n) > gametes (n)

159
Q

fungi life cycle

A

zygote (2n) > multicellular organism (n) > gametes (n)

160
Q

plant life cycle

A

zygote (2n) > sporophyte (2n) > spores (n) > gametophyte (n) > gametes (n)

161
Q

sources of genetic variation

A

crossover, 2n possible gametes that can be formed, random pairing of gametes

162
Q

character

A

heritable feature, such as flower color

163
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross involving one character

164
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross involving two different characters

165
Q

law of segregation

A

the two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation

166
Q

law of independent assortment

A

inheritance of one trait does not interfere with inheritance of another trait

167
Q

law of dominance

A

if two opposite pure-breeding varieties are crossed, all offspring resemble BB parent

168
Q

incomplete dominance

A

Yy produces an intermediate phenotype between YY and yy

169
Q

codominance

A

both alleles express themselves fully in Yy individual (MN blood groups)

170
Q

polygenic traits

A

traits that are affected by more than one gene (skin color)

171
Q

multiple alleles

A

traits that correspond to more than two alleles (blood type)

172
Q

epistasis

A

a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus (coat color in mice)

173
Q

pleiotropy

A

a single gene has multiple effects on an organism (sickle cell anemia)

174
Q

autosomal chromosome

A

chromosomes not involved in gender

175
Q

sex-linked traits

A

passed along the X chromosome; more common in males than females (males have only one X) (e.g. hemophilia [can’t clot blood], Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy [muscle weakness], colorblindness)

176
Q

linked genes

A

genes that lie along the same chromosome and do not follow the law of independent assortment

177
Q

crossover

A

a form of genetic recombination that occurs during prophase I of meiosis; the further apart genes are along a chromosome the more often they will cross over

178
Q

linkage map

A

genetic map put together using crossover frequencies; can determine the relative location of a set of genes according to how often they cross over; two genes cross over in 20 percent of the crosses, they are 20 map units apart, etc.

179
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

fatal, storage disease, lipid builds up in brain, mental retardation, increased incidence in eastern European Jews

180
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

increased mucus buildup in lungs; untreated children die at young age; one in 25 Caucasians are carriers

181
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

caused by error of single amino acid; hemoglobin is less able to carry O2, and sickles when O2 content of blood is low; one in 10 African Americans is a carrier. Heterozygous condition protects against malaria.

182
Q

phenylketonuria

A

inability to digest phenylalanine, which can cause mental retardation if not avoided in diet

183
Q

autosomal dominant disorders

A

Huntington disease (nervous system disease) and achondroplasia (dwarfism)

AP Biology Final Exam (1 decks)

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