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AP Biology > AP Biology Chapter 16 and 17 Vocabulary > Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 16 and 17 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

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2
Q

DNA ligase

A

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain.

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3
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.

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4
Q

double helix

A

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

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5
Q

helicase

A

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

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6
Q

lagging strand

A

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.

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7
Q

leading strand

A

The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5’ ( 3’ direction.

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8
Q

mismatch repair

A

The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides.

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9
Q

nuclease

A

An enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides.

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10
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

The process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.

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11
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

A short segment of DNA synthesized on a template strand during DNA replication. Many Okazaki fragments make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.

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12
Q

origin of replication

A

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.

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13
Q

phage

A

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.

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14
Q

primase

A

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.

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15
Q

primer

A

A polynucleotide with a free 3´ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated during DNA replication.

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16
Q

replication fork

A

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.

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17
Q

semiconservative model

A

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.

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18
Q

single-strand binding protein

A

During DNA replication, molecules that line up along the unpaired DNA strands, holding them apart while the DNA strands serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.

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19
Q

telomerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.

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20
Q

telomere

A

The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome’s DNA molecule. See also repetitive DNA.

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21
Q

topoisomerase

A

A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.

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22
Q

transformation

A

(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.

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23
Q

5’ cap

A

The 5’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.

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24
Q

A site

A

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA.)

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25
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

A type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.

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26
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.

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27
Q

anticodon

A

A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.

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28
Q

base-pair substitution

A

A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.

29
Q

codon

A

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

30
Q

deletion

A

(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.

31
Q

domain

A

(1) A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. (2) An independently folding part of a protein.

32
Q

E site

A

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. (E stands for exit.)

33
Q

exon

A

A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.

34
Q

frameshift mutation

A

A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons.

35
Q

insertion

A

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

36
Q

intron

A

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.

37
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

38
Q

missense mutation

A

The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.

39
Q

mutagen

A

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

40
Q

mutation

A

A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity.

41
Q

nonsense mutation

A

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

42
Q

one gene–one polypeptide hypothesis

A

The premise that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide.

43
Q

P site

A

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA.)

44
Q

point mutation

A

A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair.

45
Q

poly-A tail

A

The modified end of the 3’ end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.

46
Q

polyribosome (polysome)

A

An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.

47
Q

primary transcript

A

An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene.

48
Q

promoter

A

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.

49
Q

reading frame

A

The way a cell’s mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons.

50
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.

51
Q

ribosome

A

A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.

52
Q

ribozyme

A

An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.

53
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.

54
Q

RNA processing

A

Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes.

55
Q

RNA splicing

A

The removal of noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis.

56
Q

signal peptide

A

A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell.

57
Q

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

A

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome.

58
Q

spliceosome

A

A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.

59
Q

TATA box

A

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.

60
Q

template strand

A

The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.

61
Q

terminator

A

In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.

62
Q

transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.

63
Q

transcription factor

A

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes.

64
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter.

65
Q

transcription unit

A

A region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule.

66
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.

67
Q

translation

A

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of language from nucleotides to amino acids.

68
Q

triplet code

A

A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.

69
Q

wobble

A

A violation of the base-pairing rules in that the third nucleotide (5’ end) of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3’ end) of a codon.

AP Biology (3 decks)

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