AP Bio Vocab chpts 22-26

Question 1

Linnaeus

Answer 1

instituted Latin scientific names for species and grouped species into a hierarchy

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

scientific discipline organisms are named and classified as

Question 3

Bionomial nomenclature

Answer 3

scientific names:

genus then spcies

Question 4

Cuvier

Answer 4

advocated catrastrophism

Question 5

catatrophism vs uniformitarianism

Answer 5

each boundary in strata represents a catastrophe vs the mechanisms of change are constant over time

Question 6

natural selection

Answer 6

individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than others

Question 7

artificial selection

Answer 7

humans modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

Question 8

homology (structures, embryonic)

Answer 8

similarity resulting from common ancestry, divergent evolution

Question 9

vestigial organs

Answer 9

remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestors

Question 10

convergent evolution

Answer 10

two distinct lineages evolve a similar characteristic independently of one another due to niches

Question 11

analogous structures

Answer 11

similarity due to convergent evolution not common ancestry

Question 12

microevolution

Answer 12

a change over time in allele frequencies

Question 13

marcroevolution

Answer 13

Broad pattern of evolution over long time spans (origin of new groups of organisms…mammals, flowering plants…through speciation events)

Question 14

mutation

Answer 14

changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (on in sex cells)

Question 15

population

Answer 15

a localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

Question 16

gene pool

Answer 16

consists of all the alleles for a loci in a population

Question 17

genetic drift

Answer 17

describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

Question 18

bottle neck effect

Answer 18

a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

Question 19

founder effect

Answer 19

when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

Question 20

gene flow

Answer 20

consists of the movement of alleles in a population

Question 21

speciation

Answer 21

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

Question 22

reproductive isolation

Answer 22

the existence of biological factors that impede the members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

Question 23

pre zygotic

Answer 23

block fertilization from occuring

Question 24

post zygotic

Answer 24

reduce survival among embryos, infertile

Question 25

habitat isolation

Answer 25

preferred place for reproduction isn’t compatible

Question 26

behavioral isolation

Answer 26

mating rituals fail

Question 27

temporal isolation

Answer 27

different breeding seasons

Question 28

mechanical isolation

Answer 28

incompatibility of sexual organs

Question 29

gametic isolation

Answer 29

sperm isn’t attracted to/ can’t penetrate egg

Question 30

hybrid breakdown

Answer 30

hybrids are sterile

Question 31

sympatric speciation

Answer 31

same geographic area, gene flow reduced by polyploidy, habitat differentiation, sexual selection

Question 32

allopatric speciation

Answer 32

gene flow interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated areas

Question 33

autopolyploidy

Answer 33

Having more than two sets of chromosomes all derived from the same species.

Question 34

adaptive radiation

Answer 34

Diversification of a species or single ancestral type into several forms that are each adaptively specialized to a specific environmental niche.

Question 35

gradualism

Answer 35

The view that evolution proceeds by imperceptibly small, cumulative steps over long periods of time rather than by abrupt, major changes.

Question 36

punctuated equilibria

Answer 36

long periods of time with no change, then all of a sudden a drastic change, back to long periods of time

Question 37

protobionts

Answer 37

not alive, but had a membrane

Question 38

miller and urey

Answer 38

conducted lab experiments that showed amino acids could have been made in a reducing atmosphere

Question 39

relative dating

Answer 39

can determine sequential order of age, but not when they occurred

Question 40

radiometric dating

Answer 40

absolute age of fossils can be found.

Question 41

half-life

Answer 41

the time required for half the parent isotope to decay

Question 42

endosymbiotis

Answer 42

mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells

Question 43

Continental drift

Answer 43

movement of Earth’s continents

Question 44

“evo-devo”

Answer 44

evolutionary development. small genetic divergences can cause major morphological changes

Question 45

homeotic genes

Answer 45

master regulatory genes the control spatial organization of body parts

Question 46

HOX genes

Answer 46

provides positional info and prompt cells to develop into structures appropriate for that location

Question 47

phylogeny

Answer 47

evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 48

8 classification levels

Dumb kids playing chess on freeway get squashed

Answer 48

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 49

taxon

Answer 49

a group of one (or more) populations of organism(s), which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit

Question 50

clade

Answer 50

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 50

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg

Answer 50

No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow

Question 51

When prokaryotic life formed

Answer 51

3.5 billion years ago

Question 52

When eukaryotic life formed

Answer 52

2.1 billion years ago

Question 53

Evidence for endosymbiosis from mitochondria and plastids

Answer 53

Similarities in inner membrane structure, copy DNA independently, ribosomes more similar to pro than euk