Ap bio tri 2 exam Flashcards
How hydrolysis removes a phosphate to turn GTP into GDP
utilizing a water molecule to break the chemical bond between the gamma phosphate group of GTP, releasing it as inorganic phosphate and leaving behind the remaining molecule, now called GDP
role of a ligand
bind to receptors and cause changes in cell signaling
Role of secondary messengers and cAMP
they can travel and diffuse rapidly within the cell for signal transmission
Role of protein kinases
enzymes that regulate cell growth and proliferation by phosphorylating target proteins in response to specific signals, leading to cellular cascades
Role of channel proteins, why they are needed, how they are formed and how they fit into cell membranes
act as “pores” within the cell membrane, allowing specific small molecules like ions or water to passively move across the membrane by facilitated diffusion, which is crucial for maintaining proper cellular balance and function
The impact hypertonic and hypotonic environments have on cells
When placed in a hypertonic environment, a cell will shrink due to water leaving the cell through osmosis, while in a hypotonic environment, a cell will swell and potentially burst as water moves into the cell due to the higher solute concentration inside the cell compared to the surrounding solution
Independent variables and dependent variables
The dependent variable is often the focus of the research study. Independent variables aren’t affected by any other variables that the study measures
Negative and positive controls
a “negative control” is a group that receives no experimental treatment and is expected to show no effect, while a “positive control” is a group that receives a treatment with a known outcome
How to calculate percent change and change in rate
To calculate percent change, subtract the original value from the new value, divide the difference by the original value, and then multiply by 100; to calculate change in rate, simply subtract the initial rate from the final rate
synthesis
to create something
glycolysis
Glycolysis is a set of reactions that converts glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis consumes 2 ATP and generates 4ATP. Thus, the process results in the
generation of 2 net ATP. The process also generates 2 NADH.
Krebs cycle
a cyclic pathway of enzymatic reactions which oxidizes the compounds derived from glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in the matrix of mitochondria
electron transport chain
Generating a proton motive force: Electrons are passed from one protein complex to another in the chain. ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis: The proton gradient created by the chain is used to make ATP. Reduction of oxygen: Electrons are passed to oxygen, causing it to split.
proton gradient
a concentration difference of hydrogen ions (protons) across a membrane, created by the movement of electrons along the chain, where the energy released from electron transfer is used to actively pump protons from one side of the membrane to the other, typically building up a higher concentration of protons on one side
calvin cycle
The reactions of the Calvin cycle add carbon (from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) to a simple five-carbon molecule called RuBP. The Calvin cycle reactions use chemical energy from NADPH and ATP that were produced in the light reactions.
The final product of the Calvin cycle is glucose
calvin cycle connection to light reaction
The Calvin cycle is directly connected to the light reactions in photosynthesis as it utilizes the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light reactions, to power the process of carbon fixation and sugar synthesis
What Is Mitochondrial inheritance
only inherited from the mother, all children will have it
Genotype VS Pheontype
Genotype- BB bb Bb Phenotype, eye color, height, ect. physical trait
Passive Vs Active
Passive- small nonpolar pass through membrane.
Active- requires energy and or transport protien
Facilitated diffusion
Moving along gradient to balance out- passive
Enzyme+ substrate interaction
fits like puzzle pieces
undergoes chemical change
can be inhibited or competitive
Active- site
Site on substrate that Binds with enzyme
Temp+ Enzymes
Warmer increases reaction rate, up until denaturing
Role of amino acids in creation of proteins and active sites
Amino acids are building blocks of proteins, arrangement of amino acids determines active- site and inhibitors can change shape of active- site to make it unable to react with enzyme.
Null Hypothesis
the claim that the effect being studied does not exist.
Roll of chlorophyll
absorb light
Photosystem II
Split water mollecules to make electrons
Photosystem 1
Uses electrons from photosystem II to transfer hydrogen to go from NADP+ to NADPH, also helps produce protn gradient
Phenotypic plasticity
an environment changes the gene expression IE. fur color
