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AP Bio > AP Bio Mid-term > Flashcards

AP Bio Mid-term Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What is the difference between an electrically neutral atom and an ion?
A

Ions have an unequal number of protons and electrons, atoms have an equal number

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2
Q
  1. How are isotopes different from each other?
A

The number of neutrons

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3
Q
  1. Label a reactant?
A

On the left handed side of the equation

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4
Q
  1. Where are the shared electrons commonly found around on a water molecule?
A

Near the Oxygen atom

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5
Q

5.What are the properties of water and explain each.

A
  • Adhesion (the sticking of molecules or surfaces to each other)
  • Cohesion (the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind)
  • High specific heat (the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature)
  • Capillary action (The movement of water upwards against gravity)
  • Polarity (Unequal sharing of electrons makes water a polar molecule)
  • Universal solvent (extensive capability to dissolve a variety of molecules
  • Surface tension (the tendency of a liquid’s surface tno resist rupture when placed under tension or stress.)
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6
Q
  1. What is evaporative cooling?
A

Fast moving water molecules vaporize and remove large amounts of heat

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7
Q
  1. Describe the pH scale?
A

0-14

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8
Q

Acids?

A

create hydrogen ions in water, sour

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9
Q

Bases?

A

create hydroxide ions in water, slippery, 7 neutral

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10
Q

Monomers

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers.
examples: glucose, vinyl chloride, amino acids, and ethylene.

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11
Q

Polymers

A

a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits.
examples: rubber, plastic, polyester

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12
Q

Polysaccharide/Carbohydrate

A

Function: Stores energy
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: looks like 3 carbohydrates put together

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13
Q

Lipids

A

Function: Stores energy; Makes up cell membrane
Monomer: Fatty Acid
Polymer: looks like tally marks

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14
Q

Proteins

A

Function: Stores genetic information
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: Combined Nucleotide groups

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15
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Function: Involved in almost all cell activities
Monomer: Amino acid
Polymer: Chain of H,N,O,C

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16
Q
  1. Describe dehydration synthesis
A

the formation of new chemical bonds between two molecules.
(A reaction occurs with the loss of water molecules at each step.)

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17
Q

Describe hydrolysis.

A

A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound; this is achieved by breaking a covalent bond in the compound by inserting a water molecule across the bond.

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18
Q
  1. What reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond?
A

Glycogen———> glucose

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19
Q
  1. What sugar is found in muscle cells and animal liver
A

glycogen

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20
Q
  1. What are the functions of lipids?
A

Insulation, serving as hormones, store energy, makes of plasma membrane

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21
Q
  1. What is a molecule of saturated triacylglycerol containing?
A

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms in fatty acid chains

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22
Q
  1. What is the plasma membrane made of?
A

phospholipids and protein

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23
Q
  1. What level of protein folding is peptide bonds important?
A

Primary folding

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24
Q
  1. Describe the tertiary structure of a protein.
A

3-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain

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25
Q
  1. True or False:
A

proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if the shape is changed (TRUE)

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26
Q
  1. What molecule transmits genetic information?
A

Nucleic acid

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27
Q
  1. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? Be sure to recognize structure
A

Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

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28
Q
  1. What is responsible for the energy transfers between molecules
A

Phosphate groups

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29
Q
  1. What is the function of the plasma membrane?
A

Barrier, allows cell to get energy and materials

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30
Q
  1. Why should cells be small?
A

Materials can transport quicker and easily

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31
Q

nucleoli

A

Nucleoli are present in almost every eukaryotic cell type and represent the most prominent compartment of the cell nucleus. (nucleus)

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32
Q

lysosomes

A

the digestive system of the cell
(in nearly every animal-like eukaryotic cell)

33
Q

nucleus

A

serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center.

34
Q

mitochondria

A

oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP by utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat. (in the fluid that surrounds the nucleus (the cytoplasm))

35
Q

ER

A

the largest organelle in the cell and is a major site of protein synthesis and transport, protein folding, lipid and steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and calcium storage. (that maze looking shii)

36
Q

peroxisomes

A

carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. (in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, most often near the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria)

37
Q

Golgi body

A

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
(like a squished roll up)

38
Q

cell membrane

A

provides protection for a cell.

39
Q
  1. Explain the Endosymbiosis Theory:
A

some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes.

40
Q

structures of the chloroplast: Thylakoid

A

each of a number of flattened sacs inside chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place,

41
Q

structures of the chloroplast: Stroma

A

space outside of the thylakoids
(Thylakoids are pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell. They contain a pigment, called chlorophyll, that absorbs light. )

42
Q

structures of the chloroplast: Granum

A

stack of thylakoids
(Thylakoids are pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell. They contain a pigment, called chlorophyll, that absorbs light. )

43
Q
  1. What processes happen in the cristae and the matrix of the mitochondria?
A

Cristae- Mitochondrial cristae are the folds within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These folds allow for increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place. Matrix- produces energy called ATP.

44
Q
  1. What is the function of cholesterol within the plasma membrane?
A

Transmit signals, energy transfer, regulate passage, help chemical reactions

45
Q
  1. What is a transmembrane protein?
A

Protein that extends through the membrane

46
Q
  1. Biological membranes are normally permeable to small, hydrophobic molecules.
A

(TRUE)

47
Q
  1. Contrast osmosis
A

the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane

48
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

49
Q

active transport

A

the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

50
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the transport of molecules from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration with the help of carriers.

51
Q

hypotonic

A

(too much H20 entering causing a burst)
A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration.

52
Q

isotonic

A

(H20 entering and leaving) any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids

53
Q

hypertonic

A

(H20 leaving) any external solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids.

54
Q
  1. What is the hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis?
A

NADP+

55
Q
  1. What is the reduced molecule in photosynthesis?
A

NADH

56
Q
  1. Describe an allosteric enzyme
A

Allows other substances to bind with a substrate. Can activate or inactivate a chemical reaction.

57
Q
  1. What are three ways that enzyme action could be affected?
A

Temp, substrate, pH

58
Q
  1. What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?
A

Redox reaction

59
Q
  1. What happens during chemiosmosis?
A

electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane.

60
Q
  1. What happens to glucose in aerobic respiration?
A

Oxidized to Carbon dioxide

61
Q
  1. Substrate level phosphorylation transfer phosphate groups from 1,3 diphosphoglycerate.
A

(TRUE)

62
Q
  1. What is the role of the oxygen molecule in aerobic respiration?
A

Electron acceptor

63
Q
  1. What are the formulas for photosynthesis and cell respiration?
A

Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O

64
Q
  1. Where is the chlorophyll found in the chloroplast?
A

Thylakoid

65
Q
  1. What colors do chlorophyll primarily absorb?
A

Blue and Red

66
Q
  1. In photosynthesis, what compound is reduced?
A

CO2

67
Q

In photosynthesis, what compound is oxidized?

A

water

68
Q
  1. What is a group of thylakoids called?
A

Grana

69
Q

Where is carbon fixed? In what reaction?

A

Calvin cycle, light dependent

70
Q

Cell Cycle: G1

A

Growth; the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and protein that are required for DNA synthesis.

71
Q

Cell Cycle: S

A

DNA Replication; the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus.

72
Q

Cell Cycle: G2

A

the cell prepares for the mitotic division

73
Q

Cell Cycle: Mitosis

A

cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself.

74
Q

Cell Cycle: Cytokinesis

A

the cell splits in half, with half of the cytoplasm and one copy of the cell’s DNA going into each new cell

75
Q
  1. What are spindle fibers used for?
A

Pull chromosomes apart

76
Q
  1. Haploid (half) vs Diploid (whole)
A

Haploid cells contain only one set of Chromosomes. Diploid contains two sets of chromosomes.

77
Q
  1. What are somatic cells?
A

Somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

78
Q
  1. What phase does crossing over occur?
A

Prophase I

AP Bio (1 decks)

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