AP Bio Mid-term Flashcards
Memorize
- What is the difference between an electrically neutral atom and an ion?
Ions have an unequal number of protons and electrons, atoms have an equal number
- How are isotopes different from each other?
The number of neutrons
- Label a reactant?
On the left handed side of the equation
- Where are the shared electrons commonly found around on a water molecule?
Near the Oxygen atom
5.What are the properties of water and explain each.
- Adhesion (the sticking of molecules or surfaces to each other)
- Cohesion (the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind)
- High specific heat (the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature)
- Capillary action (The movement of water upwards against gravity)
- Polarity (Unequal sharing of electrons makes water a polar molecule)
- Universal solvent (extensive capability to dissolve a variety of molecules
- Surface tension (the tendency of a liquid’s surface tno resist rupture when placed under tension or stress.)
- What is evaporative cooling?
Fast moving water molecules vaporize and remove large amounts of heat
- Describe the pH scale?
0-14
Acids?
create hydrogen ions in water, sour
Bases?
create hydroxide ions in water, slippery, 7 neutral
Monomers
atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers.
examples: glucose, vinyl chloride, amino acids, and ethylene.
Polymers
a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits.
examples: rubber, plastic, polyester
Polysaccharide/Carbohydrate
Function: Stores energy
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: looks like 3 carbohydrates put together
Lipids
Function: Stores energy; Makes up cell membrane
Monomer: Fatty Acid
Polymer: looks like tally marks
Proteins
Function: Stores genetic information
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: Combined Nucleotide groups
Nucleic Acids
Function: Involved in almost all cell activities
Monomer: Amino acid
Polymer: Chain of H,N,O,C
- Describe dehydration synthesis
the formation of new chemical bonds between two molecules.
(A reaction occurs with the loss of water molecules at each step.)
Describe hydrolysis.
A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound; this is achieved by breaking a covalent bond in the compound by inserting a water molecule across the bond.
- What reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond?
Glycogen———> glucose
- What sugar is found in muscle cells and animal liver
glycogen
- What are the functions of lipids?
Insulation, serving as hormones, store energy, makes of plasma membrane
- What is a molecule of saturated triacylglycerol containing?
Maximum number of hydrogen atoms in fatty acid chains
- What is the plasma membrane made of?
phospholipids and protein
- What level of protein folding is peptide bonds important?
Primary folding
- Describe the tertiary structure of a protein.
3-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain
- True or False:
proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if the shape is changed (TRUE)
- What molecule transmits genetic information?
Nucleic acid
- What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? Be sure to recognize structure
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
- What is responsible for the energy transfers between molecules
Phosphate groups
- What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Barrier, allows cell to get energy and materials
- Why should cells be small?
Materials can transport quicker and easily
nucleoli
Nucleoli are present in almost every eukaryotic cell type and represent the most prominent compartment of the cell nucleus. (nucleus)
lysosomes
the digestive system of the cell
(in nearly every animal-like eukaryotic cell)
nucleus
serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center.
mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP by utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat. (in the fluid that surrounds the nucleus (the cytoplasm))
ER
the largest organelle in the cell and is a major site of protein synthesis and transport, protein folding, lipid and steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and calcium storage. (that maze looking shii)
peroxisomes
carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. (in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, most often near the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria)
Golgi body
a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
(like a squished roll up)
cell membrane
provides protection for a cell.
- Explain the Endosymbiosis Theory:
some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes.
structures of the chloroplast: Thylakoid
each of a number of flattened sacs inside chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place,
structures of the chloroplast: Stroma
space outside of the thylakoids
(Thylakoids are pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell. They contain a pigment, called chlorophyll, that absorbs light. )
structures of the chloroplast: Granum
stack of thylakoids
(Thylakoids are pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell. They contain a pigment, called chlorophyll, that absorbs light. )
- What processes happen in the cristae and the matrix of the mitochondria?
Cristae- Mitochondrial cristae are the folds within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These folds allow for increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place. Matrix- produces energy called ATP.
- What is the function of cholesterol within the plasma membrane?
Transmit signals, energy transfer, regulate passage, help chemical reactions
- What is a transmembrane protein?
Protein that extends through the membrane
- Biological membranes are normally permeable to small, hydrophobic molecules.
(TRUE)
- Contrast osmosis
the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane
diffusion
the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
active transport
the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
facilitated diffusion
the transport of molecules from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration with the help of carriers.
hypotonic
(too much H20 entering causing a burst)
A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration.
isotonic
(H20 entering and leaving) any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids
hypertonic
(H20 leaving) any external solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids.
- What is the hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis?
NADP+
- What is the reduced molecule in photosynthesis?
NADH
- Describe an allosteric enzyme
Allows other substances to bind with a substrate. Can activate or inactivate a chemical reaction.
- What are three ways that enzyme action could be affected?
Temp, substrate, pH
- What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?
Redox reaction
- What happens during chemiosmosis?
electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane.
- What happens to glucose in aerobic respiration?
Oxidized to Carbon dioxide
- Substrate level phosphorylation transfer phosphate groups from 1,3 diphosphoglycerate.
(TRUE)
- What is the role of the oxygen molecule in aerobic respiration?
Electron acceptor
- What are the formulas for photosynthesis and cell respiration?
Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O
- Where is the chlorophyll found in the chloroplast?
Thylakoid
- What colors do chlorophyll primarily absorb?
Blue and Red
- In photosynthesis, what compound is reduced?
CO2
In photosynthesis, what compound is oxidized?
water
- What is a group of thylakoids called?
Grana
Where is carbon fixed? In what reaction?
Calvin cycle, light dependent
Cell Cycle: G1
Growth; the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and protein that are required for DNA synthesis.
Cell Cycle: S
DNA Replication; the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus.
Cell Cycle: G2
the cell prepares for the mitotic division
Cell Cycle: Mitosis
cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself.
Cell Cycle: Cytokinesis
the cell splits in half, with half of the cytoplasm and one copy of the cell’s DNA going into each new cell
- What are spindle fibers used for?
Pull chromosomes apart
- Haploid (half) vs Diploid (whole)
Haploid cells contain only one set of Chromosomes. Diploid contains two sets of chromosomes.
- What are somatic cells?
Somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
- What phase does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
