AP Bio Ch 4 & 5

Question 1

Provide 3 ways in which the element of carbon is diverse and supports life

Answer 1

Carbon can make long chains, branched chains, rings, and single/double bonds

Question 2

In a methane molecule (C2H4), each carbon atom is bonded to how many hydrogen atoms?

Answer 2

2 hydrogen atoms

Question 3

Carbon usually forms what kind of bonds?

Answer 3

Covalent bonds

Question 4

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

Answer 4

They are non-polar

Question 5

Explain the difference between cis and trans isomers

Answer 5

A cis isomer has molecules on one side of the double bond while a trans isomer has molecules on either side

Question 6

What is an enantiomer?

Answer 6

Mirrored compound

Question 7

Draw two structural isomers

Answer 7

…

Question 8

What properties does a hydroxyl functional group give?

Answer 8

It makes something polar

Question 9

What properties does a Sulfhydryl functional group give?

Answer 9

Disulfide Bridge

Question 10

What two functional groups does an amino acid have?

Answer 10

Amino and Carboxyl groups

Question 11

Briefly explain the difference between testosterone and estrogen hormone structure

Answer 11

The testosterone hormone has an extra methyl group and has a carbonyl group. However, estrogen has a hydroxyl and lacks the extra methyl.

Question 12

Diagram a carboxyl and a carbonyl functional group

Answer 12

…

Question 13

Which functional group acts as a base?

Answer 13

The amino group

Question 14

Describe the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Answer 14

Ketones are in the middle of a carbon skeleton while aldehyde is on the ends

Question 15

How many water molecules will be released during the polymerization of a 10-monomer-long cellulose molecule?

Answer 15

5 water molecules

Question 16

Differentiate between a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction

Answer 16

Dehydration is endothermic and water is lost in this process. However, in the hydrolysis process water is gained and it is exothermic.

Question 17

What is the molecular formula if 4 glucose monomers were linked together?

Answer 17

C24H42O21

Question 18

Differentiate between a starch and a glycogen molecule

Answer 18

Glycogen is for animals and is branched while starch is for plants and has a straight chain.

Question 19

What is a dietary term used to describe cellulose?

Answer 19

Insoluble Fiber

Question 20

Name the monomers, polymers, and bond types for carbohydrates

Answer 20

Carbs form glycosidic linkages and have monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Question 21

Name the monomers, polymers, and bond types for nucleic acids

Answer 21

Nucleic acids form phosphodiester linkages between nucleotides to form polynucleotides

Question 22

Name the monomers, polymers, and bond types for lipids

Answer 22

Lipids don’t have monomers or polymers but they form ester linkages

Question 23

Name the monomers, polymers, and bond types for protein

Answer 23

Proteins form peptide bonds between amino acids to form polypeptides.

Question 24

Why are people lactose intolerant?

Answer 24

They lack the enzyme necessary to break down lactose

Question 25

Give 4 examples of polymers for carbohydrates and their functions

Answer 25

Starch - storage for plants
Glycogen - storage for animals
Cellulose - structure for plants
Chitin - an exoskeleton for insects

Question 26

What does the term analogous mean?

Answer 26

Comparable in some effects

Question 27

Explain the anatomy of a triglyceride and a phospholipid

Answer 27

A triglyceride molecule has 3 fatty acids and a glycerol while phospholipids have 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids

Question 28

How do phospholipids interact with water?

Answer 28

They are water-fearing and don’t dissolve in it.

Question 29

What anatomy does a lipid have to have to be liquid at room temperature?

Answer 29

A high number of cis double bonds.

Question 30

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Answer 30

Saturated fats (animal fat/trans fat) stays solid at room temp and can cause atherosclerosis while unsaturated fat (plant fat) is liquid at room temp and has at least one double bond.

Question 31

Diagram a steroid molecule

Answer 31

4 fused carbon rings

Question 32

Explain how amino acids vary

Answer 32

Varying kinds of side chains change the identity of the amino acid

Question 33

Provide the bond type used in the 4 levels of protein structure

Answer 33

Primary is peptide bonds, secondary is hydrogen bonds, tertiary is a lot of bonds including disulfide bridge, and quaternary is also a lot of kinds of bonds.

Question 34

What is the difference between an dna and an rna nucleotide?

Answer 34

DNA - Lacks one oxygen
RNA - Uracil replaces thymine

Question 35

Where does one nucleotide bond to another nucleotide in regards to 5’ and 3’ ?

Answer 35

Between the sugar base of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide. The sugar is the 3’ end, and the phosphate is the 5’ end of each nucleotide.

Question 36

Provide the complementary RNA nucleotide sequence to this strand of DNA 5’ -AGCTAGCTA-3’

Answer 36

3’-UCGAUCGAU-5’