AP BIO CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT Flashcards
A microscope that uses electrons to show the surface of a sample. Useful for studying the topography of a specimen
Scanning electron microscope
A microscope that uses electrons to study a thin specimen of a specimen. Used to study the ultrastructure of cells.
Transmission electron microscope
A cell that contains a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed within membranes.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell that has no membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cell
The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
A dense region of DNA that is found in a prokaryotic cell
Nucleoid
The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier.
Plasma Membrane
The membrane structure in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.
Nuclear Lamina
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus or nucleoid. Each consists of one very long coiled DNA molecule
Chromosome
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome when it is not coiled.
Chromatin
A specialized structure in the nucleus that is active in the synthesis of ribosomes
Nucleolus
The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes. Manufactures membranes and secretory proteins.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
A small sac surround by a membrane inside of cells.
Vesicle
Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.
Glycoproteins
A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
Transport Vesicle
An organelle that modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum, such as proteins and sends them to other destinations in the cell
Golgi apparatus
A sac of hydrolytic enzymes that is used to digest macromolecules or cellular debris.
Lysosome
A method used by cells for engulfing large particles by surrounding them with the plasma membrane.
Phagocytosis
A process when lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material.
Autophagy
Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Mostly used to store molecules or waste.
Vacuoles
Explanation for how the early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotic cells that eventually evolved into the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Endosymbiotic (Endosymbiont) Theory
Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
Cristae
Organelle that is site of cellular respiration
Mitochondrion
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane.
Mitochondrial Matrix
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
Thylakoid
A stack of thylakoids found in the chloroplast
Granum
The fluid outside the thylakoid found inside a chloroplast
Stroma
Members of a family of closely related plant organelles that contain pigments or reserve materials such as starch.
Plastid
A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
An organelle containing enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Peroxisome
A hollow rod of tubulin protein in eukaryotic cells that forms part of cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton
Microtubule
The microtubule organizing center, present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. It is involved in cell division.
Centrosome
Structures found in an animal cells composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets. An animal cell usually has a pair of them that are involved in cell division.
Centrioles
Long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion.
Flagella
Short cellular appendages specialized for locomotion
Cilia
A eukaryotic cell structure made out of microtubule triplets. They are part of cilia and flagella
Basal Body
A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton.
Microfilament
A globular protein that links into chains, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells
Actin
The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers
Myosin
An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images of specimens
Light Microscope
A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting great resolving power
Electron Microscope
The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by homogenization and centrifugation
Cell Fractionation
Structure found within a cell that performs a specific task
Organelle
A technique that uses spinning force to separate particles from a suspension
Centrifugation
Fraction of cell components that settles at the bottom of a tube after centrifugation
Pellet
Liquid that collects above the pellet in a tube after centrifugation
Supernatant
