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Random > AP BIO CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT > Flashcards

AP BIO CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT Flashcards

1
Q

A microscope that uses electrons to show the surface of a sample. Useful for studying the topography of a specimen

A

Scanning electron microscope

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2
Q

A microscope that uses electrons to study a thin specimen of a specimen. Used to study the ultrastructure of cells.

A

Transmission electron microscope

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3
Q

A cell that contains a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed within membranes.

A

Eukaryotic cell

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4
Q

A cell that has no membrane bound organelles.

A

Prokaryotic cell

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5
Q

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

A dense region of DNA that is found in a prokaryotic cell

A

Nucleoid

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7
Q

The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier.

A

Plasma Membrane

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9
Q

The membrane structure in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

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10
Q

A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Lamina

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11
Q

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus or nucleoid. Each consists of one very long coiled DNA molecule

A

Chromosome

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12
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome when it is not coiled.

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

A specialized structure in the nucleus that is active in the synthesis of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

A

Endomembrane System

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15
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes. Manufactures membranes and secretory proteins.

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

A small sac surround by a membrane inside of cells.

A

Vesicle

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18
Q

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.

A

Glycoproteins

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19
Q

A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

A

Transport Vesicle

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20
Q

An organelle that modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum, such as proteins and sends them to other destinations in the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

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21
Q

A sac of hydrolytic enzymes that is used to digest macromolecules or cellular debris.

A

Lysosome

22
Q

A method used by cells for engulfing large particles by surrounding them with the plasma membrane.

A

Phagocytosis

23
Q

A process when lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material.

A

Autophagy

24
Q

Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Mostly used to store molecules or waste.

A

Vacuoles

25
Q

Explanation for how the early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotic cells that eventually evolved into the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

A

Endosymbiotic (Endosymbiont) Theory

26
Q

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

A

Cristae

27
Q

Organelle that is site of cellular respiration

A

Mitochondrion

28
Q

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane.

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

29
Q

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

A

Thylakoid

30
Q

A stack of thylakoids found in the chloroplast

A

Granum

31
Q

The fluid outside the thylakoid found inside a chloroplast

A

Stroma

32
Q

Members of a family of closely related plant organelles that contain pigments or reserve materials such as starch.

A

Plastid

33
Q

A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

34
Q

An organelle containing enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

A

Peroxisome

35
Q

A hollow rod of tubulin protein in eukaryotic cells that forms part of cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubule

36
Q

The microtubule organizing center, present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. It is involved in cell division.

A

Centrosome

37
Q

Structures found in an animal cells composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets. An animal cell usually has a pair of them that are involved in cell division.

A

Centrioles

38
Q

Long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion.

A

Flagella

39
Q

Short cellular appendages specialized for locomotion

A

Cilia

40
Q

A eukaryotic cell structure made out of microtubule triplets. They are part of cilia and flagella

A

Basal Body

41
Q

A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton.

A

Microfilament

42
Q

A globular protein that links into chains, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells

A

Actin

43
Q

The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

A

Myosin

44
Q

An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images of specimens

A

Light Microscope

45
Q

A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting great resolving power

A

Electron Microscope

46
Q

The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by homogenization and centrifugation

A

Cell Fractionation

47
Q

Structure found within a cell that performs a specific task

A

Organelle

48
Q

A technique that uses spinning force to separate particles from a suspension

A

Centrifugation

49
Q

Fraction of cell components that settles at the bottom of a tube after centrifugation

A

Pellet

50
Q

Liquid that collects above the pellet in a tube after centrifugation

A

Supernatant

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