AP BIO CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

Question 1

A microscope that uses electrons to show the surface of a sample. Useful for studying the topography of a specimen

Answer 1

Scanning electron microscope

Question 2

A microscope that uses electrons to study a thin specimen of a specimen. Used to study the ultrastructure of cells.

Answer 2

Transmission electron microscope

Question 3

A cell that contains a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed within membranes.

Answer 3

Eukaryotic cell

Question 4

A cell that has no membrane bound organelles.

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cell

Question 5

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

Answer 5

Cytosol

Question 6

A dense region of DNA that is found in a prokaryotic cell

Answer 6

Nucleoid

Question 7

The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane

Answer 7

Cytoplasm

Question 8

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier.

Answer 8

Plasma Membrane

Question 9

The membrane structure in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

Answer 9

Nuclear Envelope

Question 10

A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.

Answer 10

Nuclear Lamina

Question 11

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus or nucleoid. Each consists of one very long coiled DNA molecule

Answer 11

Chromosome

Question 12

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome when it is not coiled.

Answer 12

Chromatin

Question 13

A specialized structure in the nucleus that is active in the synthesis of ribosomes

Answer 13

Nucleolus

Question 14

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

Answer 14

Endomembrane System

Question 15

Endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.

Answer 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

Endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes. Manufactures membranes and secretory proteins.

Answer 16

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

A small sac surround by a membrane inside of cells.

Answer 17

Vesicle

Question 18

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.

Answer 18

Glycoproteins

Question 19

A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

Answer 19

Transport Vesicle

Question 20

An organelle that modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum, such as proteins and sends them to other destinations in the cell

Answer 20

Golgi apparatus

Question 21

A sac of hydrolytic enzymes that is used to digest macromolecules or cellular debris.

Answer 21

Lysosome

Question 22

A method used by cells for engulfing large particles by surrounding them with the plasma membrane.

Answer 22

Phagocytosis

Question 23

A process when lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material.

Answer 23

Autophagy

Question 24

Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Mostly used to store molecules or waste.

Answer 24

Vacuoles

Question 25

Explanation for how the early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotic cells that eventually evolved into the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 25

Endosymbiotic (Endosymbiont) Theory

Question 26

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

Answer 26

Cristae

Question 27

Organelle that is site of cellular respiration

Answer 27

Mitochondrion

Question 28

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane.

Answer 28

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 29

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Answer 29

Thylakoid

Question 30

A stack of thylakoids found in the chloroplast

Answer 30

Granum

Question 31

The fluid outside the thylakoid found inside a chloroplast

Answer 31

Stroma

Question 32

Members of a family of closely related plant organelles that contain pigments or reserve materials such as starch.

Answer 32

Plastid

Question 33

A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy

Answer 33

Photosynthesis

Question 34

An organelle containing enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Answer 34

Peroxisome

Question 35

A hollow rod of tubulin protein in eukaryotic cells that forms part of cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton

Answer 35

Microtubule

Question 36

The microtubule organizing center, present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. It is involved in cell division.

Answer 36

Centrosome

Question 37

Structures found in an animal cells composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets. An animal cell usually has a pair of them that are involved in cell division.

Answer 37

Centrioles

Question 38

Long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion.

Answer 38

Flagella

Question 39

Short cellular appendages specialized for locomotion

Answer 39

Cilia

Question 40

A eukaryotic cell structure made out of microtubule triplets. They are part of cilia and flagella

Answer 40

Basal Body

Question 41

A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton.

Answer 41

Microfilament

Question 42

A globular protein that links into chains, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells

Answer 42

Actin

Question 43

The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

Answer 43

Myosin

Question 44

An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images of specimens

Answer 44

Light Microscope

Question 45

A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting great resolving power

Answer 45

Electron Microscope

Question 46

The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by homogenization and centrifugation

Answer 46

Cell Fractionation

Question 47

Structure found within a cell that performs a specific task

Answer 47

Organelle

Question 48

A technique that uses spinning force to separate particles from a suspension

Answer 48

Centrifugation

Question 49

Fraction of cell components that settles at the bottom of a tube after centrifugation

Answer 49

Pellet

Question 50

Liquid that collects above the pellet in a tube after centrifugation

Answer 50

Supernatant