ap bio Flashcards
What are the inputs of cellular respiration?
Glucose (C6H12O6) and 6 O2
What are the outputs of cellular respiration?
6 CO2, 6 H2O, and ATP
Which stage of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) with chemiosmosis
Where does glycolysis happen?
Cytoplasm
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
Where does pyruvate oxidation happen?
Mitochondrial matrix
What happens in pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2
Where does the Krebs Cycle happen?
Mitochondrial matrix
What are the products of one turn of the Krebs Cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen (O2)
How is water made in the ETC?
O2 + electrons + H+ → H2O
How is ATP made in the ETC?
Protons flow through ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
What are the inputs of photosynthesis?
CO2, H2O, and light
What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
Glucose and O2
What happens in the light reactions?
Light makes ATP and NADPH, splits H2O, releases O2
Where do light reactions happen?
Thylakoid membrane
What happens in the Calvin Cycle?
CO2 is fixed into G3P using ATP and NADPH
Where does the Calvin Cycle happen?
Stroma of the chloroplast
What is the carbon-fixing enzyme in the Calvin Cycle?
RuBisCO
What is Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)?
The energy available to do work
What does a negative ΔG mean?
Exergonic, spontaneous, releases energy
What does a positive ΔG mean?
Endergonic, non-spontaneous, requires energy
What is chemiosmosis?
Using a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis
What law states that energy transformations increase disorder?
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
