Ap Anatomy and Physiology Chp 2-3

Question 1

1. What is the organizational hierarchy of matter from atom to organism?

Answer 1

Atom, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, and body.

Question 2

2. Describe atomic mass and number and how the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons are affected.

Answer 2

An atomic mass is the mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass unit (amu or u). Together the number of protons and the number of electrons determine an element’s mass number of neutrons an element’s mass number

Question 3

3. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds.

Answer 3

Similarities-
Both ionic and covalent bonds involve multiple atoms coming together to form complex structures
bonding yields a compound that has different properties than the original elements.
both types of bonding result in atoms becoming more stable in the group than individually
Differences-
-between ionic and covalent ionic bonding occurs between atoms that have opposite needs four electrons and results in a transfer of electrons
-electron clouds overlap in covalent bonding
-covalent bonding two atoms of the same element can bond together

Question 4

4. Describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis/decomposition reactions and give an example of each.

Answer 4

Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction, that happens when two smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule following the release of water (removing water) Ex: Amino Acid+ Amino Acid= Protein
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound. Ex:Protein= amino acids + amino acid

Question 5

5. Describe the function of enzymes and how pH and temperature can affect them.

Answer 5

The function of enzymes allows chemical reactions to occur at normal body temperature fast enough to sustain life. Extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working

Question 6

6. Describe the pH scale.

Answer 6

7 is neutral, above 7 is basic/alkaline, and less than 7 is acidic

Question 7

7. What is the function of a buffer?

Answer 7

to protect against pH fluctuations in the experimental medium

Question 8

8. Describe the bonds found in water.

Answer 8

Water has polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen, and molecules stick together with hydrogen bonds.

Question 9

9. Describe the bonds found in amino acid chains.

Answer 9

Amino acid chains have peptide bonds linking the amino acids together, and hydrogen bonds help fold the chain into a 3D shape.

Question 10

10. What is denaturation?

Answer 10

Denaturation is when proteins lose their shape and function due to heat, pH changes, or chemicals.

Question 11

11. What is glycogen?

Answer 11

a form of glucose, a main source of energy that your body stores primarily in your liver and muscles

Question 12

12. What are the building blocks of fats?

Answer 12

fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 13

13. What are the building blocks of sugars?

Answer 13

Monosaccharides/simple sugars.

Question 14

14. Describe the function of DNA and what it is made of.

Answer 14

molecule that stores genetic information within an organism, carrying the instructions for development, growth, and reproduction by encoding this information in the sequence of its building blocks called nucleotides, which form a double helix structure made up of paired bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

Question 15

15. Which isotope is used in diagnostic testing of the thyroid gland?

Answer 15

radioactive iodine.

Question 16

16. What are organic compounds composed of?

Answer 16

Organic compounds are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and often nitrogen, along with other elements such as sulfur and phosphorus. These compounds form the basis of life and include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Question 17

17. Which particles are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms?

Answer 17

Electrons, specifically the electrons in the outermost shell, are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms. They are involved in forming bonds with other atoms, determining the atoms’ reactivity and bonding patterns.

Question 18

18. Describe isotopes and how subatomic particles differ.

Answer 18

Isotopes are variants of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. While they have the same atomic number, their atomic mass differs due to the varying neutrons.

Question 19

19. How is potassium used in the human body?

Answer 19

Potassium is an essential electrolyte in the human body. It helps regulate fluid balance, nerve signals, and muscle contractions, including the heartbeat. Potassium is vital for maintaining proper cell function and plays a key role in controlling blood pressure.

Question 20

20. Which is the most abundant element in the human body?

Answer 20

Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body, making up about 65% of the body’s mass. This is primarily because of water. Which is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, and accounts for a large percentage of body weight.

Question 21

1. Describe permeable, impermeable, selectively permeable, and impenetrable membranes.

Answer 21

Permeable- allows substances to pass freely without restriction. They don’t block or filter any particles, allowing almost everything to cross.
Impermeable- do not allow any substances to pass through, blocking the movement of molecules or ions across them.
Selective Permeable- allows certain substances to pass through while blocking others. They regulate the movement of molecules based on size, charge, or properties. Cell membranes are selectively permeable, controlling what enters and exits the cell.
Impenetrable membranes- do not allow anything to pass through.

Question 22

2. What are cell membranes composed of?

Answer 22

Cell membranes are primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which consists of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Embedded within this bilayer are proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

Question 23

3. Explain what passive membrane transport is.

Answer 23

Passive membrane transport refers to the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy/ATP. This occurs due to concentration gradients, where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 24

4. Describe what would happen to a cell if placed in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions and why.

Answer 24

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution there will be a movement of free water out of the cell into the solution. This happens because the cell has more free water than the solution. In a hypotonic solution, the water will enter the cell causing the cell to swell. This happens because the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell.

Question 25

5. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

Answer 25

Similarities:
Occurs in plants and animals
Starts with a diploid parent cell
Produces new cells
Cells undergo DNA replication
Same steps
Mitosis:
Occurs in all organisms (except viruses)
Creates all body cells like blood cells
Involves one-cell division
Produces two diploid daughter cells
Daughter cells are genetically identical
Creates a human cell with 46 chromosomes
Meiosis:
Occurs only in plants, animals, and fungi
Creates only sex cells like sperm cells
Involves two successive cell divisions
Produces four haploid daughter cells
Daughter cells are genetically different
Creates a human cell with 23 chromosomes

Question 26

6. What are vesicles and how are they formed?

Answer 26

Vesicles are small cellular containers that perform a variety of functions. A vesicle forms when the membrane bulges out and pinches off.

Question 27

7. What is the smallest living unit within the body?

Answer 27

A cell is the smallest living unit within the body.

Question 28

8. Explain what cytosol and cytoplasm are.

Answer 28

The cytosol is the fluid inside the cell, the fluid part of the Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is the substance between a cell membrane(outside layer) and its nucleus (its core).

Question 29

9. Where and how is most ATP produced?

Answer 29

Most ATP is produced in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, mainly through the electron transport chain.

Question 30

10. Where do synthesis and lipids and glycogen take place?

Answer 30

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place in the liver and muscle cells. Lipids are made in the smooth ER, and glycogen is stored in the cytoplasm.

Question 31

11. Which organelles break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide?

Answer 31

Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide.

Question 32

12. Compare and contrast rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 32

The rough ER has ribosomes and makes proteins, while the smooth ER lacks ribosomes and makes lipids. Both are part of the cell’s transport system.

Question 33

13. What do chromosomes consist of?

Answer 33

Chromosomes consist of DNA and proteins called histones, which help package the DNA tightly.

Question 34

14. Describe transcription and translation and how DNA and RNA are involved.

Answer 34

In transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA. In translation, mRNA is used by ribosomes to make proteins. DNA provides the code, and RNA carries the instructions.

Question 35

15. A sequence of three nitrogen bases can specify the identity of a

Answer 35

single amino acid.

Question 36

16. Where are ribosomal proteins and RNA primarily produced?

Answer 36

ribosomal proteins are primarily produced in the cytoplasm, and RNA is primarily produced in the nucleus.

Question 37

17. Ions and other small water-soluble materials cross through the cell membrane by passing through these.

Answer 37

a channel

Question 38

18. Transport through cell membranes is classified as either _________ or _________. How do these types of transport differ?

Answer 38

passive or active transport.
Active transport requires energy for the movement of molecules whereas passive transport does not require energy for the movement of molecules